Me ya sa aka kasa kawar da Boko Haram shekaru 24 bayan ɓullarta?

Ƙungiyar Boko Haram ta shafe shekaru tana aikata ayyukan ta'addanci a Najeriya da wasu ƙasashe maƙwabta a yankin Sahel.

Jihar Borno da ke arewa maso gabashin Najeriya ce inda ƴan ƙungiyar suka fi ƙarfi da kafa sansanoni bayan ƙwace wasu ƙananan hukumomi tare da fatattakar mazauna garuruwan.

Ko da yake a baya-bayan nan an samu lafawar hare hare bayan ƙwato wasu ƙananan hukumomi da sojojin Najeriya suka yi, amma har yanzu akwai wasu wuraren da babu jama'a.

BH ta ci gaba da faɗaɗa ƙarfin ikonta a wasu jihohin Najeriya da kuma haɗa kai da ƙungiyar ISWAP sa ISIS yankin tafkin Chadi.

BBC ta yi nazari kan dogon lokacin da Boko Haram ta ɗauka da dalilin da har yanzu ba ga bayanta ba a Najeriya.

Tarihin Boko Haram

Ƙungiyar Boko Haram dai ta kwashe shekaru tana ƙaddamar da hare-hare kan jami'an tsaro da fararen hula musamman a yankin arewa maso gabashin Najeriya.

Tarihin kafuwar kungiyar Boko Haram ya samo asali ne daga yunƙurin sauya akalar zamantakewa da addini a arewacin Najeriya, wanda daga baya ya rikiɗe ya koma mummunan yaƙi da makami.

Sunan kungiyar na asali shi ne "Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad" (wato mutanen da ke da'awar jihadi a kan tafarkin Sunnah), amma jama'a suka yi mata lakabi da Boko Haram saboda tsananin adawarsu da ilimin zamani da tsarin rayuwar yammacin duniya.

Wani matashin malamin addini mai suna "Muhammad Yusuf ne ya kafa ƙungiyar a birnin Maiduguri, jihar Borno, a tsakanin shekarar 2002 zuwa 2003", in ji Dr Audu Bulama Bukarti, mai bincike kan sha'anin tsaro a nahiyar Afrika.

"Yaƙi ne ba ta fara ba sai wajen shekarar 2009," in shi masanin.

Muhammad Yusuf yana wa'azinsa ne a kan cewa cin hanci da rashawa, talauci, da rashin adalci da ke damun Najeriya sun samo asali ne daga tsarin boko da na dimokuradiyya na ƙasashen yamma. Ya koyar da cewa komawa ga cikakken tsarin Shari'ar Musulunci shi ne kaɗai mafita.

A watan Yunin 2009, jami'an tsaro a Maiduguri sun kama mambobin ƙungiyar da ke kan hanyar zuwa jana'iza saboda rashin sanya hular kwano a kan babur. Hakan ya janyo takaddama da harbe-harbe inda mambobin ƙungiyar da dama suka jikkata.

Martanin da Muhammad Yusuf ya mayar ne ya ƙara dagula lamura inda suka yi bore da makamai a jihohin Borno, Yobe, Bauchi, da Kano, har suka ƙona ofisoshin ƴansanda da gine-ginen gwamnati.

Gwamnatin Najeriya ta tura dakarun soji domin murƙushe masu boren, inda aka rusa hedikwatar kungiyar, kuma rahotanni suka ce an kashe mambobinsu sama da 800, sannan aka kama Muhammad Yusuf da rai.

Bayan miƙa shi hannun ƴan sanda ne aka kashe shi ba tare da shari'a ba, lamarin da ya harzuƙa mambobin kungiyar da suka tsira.

Daga wannan lokaci ne, aka ci gaba da rikici da ƙungiyar inda har ƙarfin ikonta ya bazu zuwa kasashen Kamaru, Chadi, da Nijar, wanda ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar mutane da dama tare da raba miliyoyi da gidajensu.

Mutanen da suka shugabanci Boko Haram

Tun bayan fara rikicin na Boko Haram a shekarar 2009, shugabannin ƙungiyar da suka fi ƙaurin suna su ne Muhammad Yusuf da ya assasa ta, sai kuma Abubakar Shekau wanda ya karbi jagoranci jagorancin ƙungiyar, kafin ɓallewar tsagin ISWAP ƙarƙashin jagorancin Abu Mus'ab Al-Barnawi.

Bayan mutuwar shekau a 2021, Boko Haram da ISWAP sun ci gaba da gudanar da ayyukansu a ware, ƙarƙashin jagorancin sabbin shugabanni.

A halin yanzu dai, bayan kisan shugabannin da aka yi a baya, ƙungiyar na ci gaba da gudanar da ayyukanta a yankin arewa maso gabashin Najeriya karkashin wasu sabbin jagorori da ba kasafai ake sanin su ba.

Me ya sa aka kasa kawo ƙarshen BH?

A lokuta da dama gwamnatin Najeriya ta sha bayyana cewa ta yi galaba a kan mayaƙan Boko Haram, musamman bayan kashe shugabanninta da kuma ƙwato mafi yawan yankunan da ƙungiyar ta taɓa mamayewa.

Sai dai duk da waɗannan nasarorin, ƙungiyar na ci gaba da kai hare-hare a wasu sassan jihohin Borno, Yobe da Adamawa, yayin da a baya-bayan nan ake samun rahotannin faɗaɗa ayyukanta da na ƙawayenta zuwa wasu yankunan Arewa ta Tsakiya.

Wannan ya sa ake ci gaba da tambayar dalilin da ya sa, bayan kusan shekaru 20 da ɓullar ta, har yanzu ba a kawo ƙarshen barazanar Boko Haram ba.

Masu sharhi irinsu na ganin tun farko ne aka yi kitso da ƙwarƙwata wajen yaƙi da Boko Haram.

Dr Audu Bulama Bukarti, mai bincike kan sha'anin tsaro a nahiyar Afrika ya ce gwamnati ta tafka manyan kura-kurai tun daga farkon lokacin da aka kafa ƙungiyar, saboda jami'ai ba su ɗauki matakan da suka dace kan yadda shugabanta na farko ya riƙa yaɗa manufofinsu ba a lokutan wa'azinsa ba.

"Lokacin da ƙungiyar ta kai harin ta na farko a 2009, babban kuskuren da gwamnatin lokaci ta tafka, shi ne sai suka fito suna murna sun gama da ƙungiyar, amma a lokacin abin da ya faru shi ne an tarwatsa ƴan ƙungiyar ne ba wai daƙile ta ba," in ji Bukarti.

Ya ce sakamakon sakin jikin da gwamnati a lokacin cewa ta yi galaba a kansu bayan kashe shugabanta ne ya sa sauran mambobin suka koma dazuka da neman dabarun yaƙi da makami, inda suka samu taimako daga ƙungiyar al-Qa'eda.

Sai dai ya ce babban kuskuren da aka yi shi ne umarnin da gwamnatin tsohon shugaban ƙasar Goodluck Jonathan ya bayar na ayyana dokar ta ɓaci a arewa maso gabas, da kuma tura sojoji yankin inda aka "kama matasa sama da 20,000 da kashe da dama waɗanda ba su ji basu gani ba."

"Wannan cin zarafi da sojojin suka yi, kashi 70 na waɗanda suka shiga Boko Haram sun shiga ne saboda haushin abin da aka musu," in ji Bukarti.

Manyan hare-haren BH da suka ɗauki hankalin duniya

Ƙungiyar Boko Haram ta kai manyan hare-hare masu muni da suka girgiza Najeriya da ma duniya baki ɗaya tun lokacin da ta fara faɗa da makami a shekarar 2009.

Hedikwatar ƴansanda: Babban hari na farko da ya fara girgiza al'ummar Najeriya tare da daukar hankalin duniya da kungiyar ta yi ƙarƙashin shugabancin Shekau shi ne wanda ta kai Louis Edet House, hedikwatar ƴan sandan ƙasar da ke Abuja ranar 16 ga Yunin 2011.

Harin ya bude ƙofar kai wa manyan gine-ginen gwamnati da na ƙasa da ƙasa hare-hare.

MDD: Bayan watanni biyu kacal da harin hedikwatar ƴansanda, wata mota ta kutsa babban ginin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke Abuja, inda fashewar bom ɗin ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar mutane akalla 21 tare da jikkata wasu da dama, lamarin da ya janyo Allah wadai daga sassan duniya.

Kano: Boko Haram ta kai wasu jerin hare-hare a wurare daban-daban a lokaci guda a cibiyar kasuwancin arewacin Najeriya wato Kano, kuma rahotanni sun ce fiye da mutum 180 ne suka mutu.

Harin tashar mota ta Nyanya: A watan Afrilu 2014, wani bom da aka dasa a cikin mota ya tashi da sanyin safiya a cunkoson tashar mota ta Nyanya da ke kusa da birnin Abuja, inda mutane sama da 70 suka mutu nan take.

Satar 'Yan Matan Chibok: A daidai lokacin da duniya ke jimamin harin Nyanya, mayakan Boko Haram suka far wa makarantar mata ta sakandare da ke Chibok, a jihar Borno inda suka yi awon gaba da ɗalibai mata guda 276.

Harin gidan sarkin Kano: Ranar 28 Nuwamban 2014 ƙungiyar ta sake kai wani mummunan hari a babban masallacin Juma'a na cikin birnin Kano da ke kusa da gidan sarki. A ƙalla mutane 120 masu Sallar Juma'a ne suka rasa rayukansu.

Satar 'Yan Matan Dapchi: Ƙungiyar ta sake kai farmaki makarantar mata ta kimiyya da fasaha ta gwamnati da ke Dapchi, Jihar Yobe. A can ma sun sace dalibai mata guda 110.

Yadda BH ta faɗaɗa tasirinta

Boko Haram da sauran ƴan tada ƙayar baya sun faɗaɗa tasirinsu fiye da Najeriya, ta hanyar samun sabbin mayaƙa, da kuma kai hare-hare kan sansanonin sojoji a jihohi kamar Borno.

Baya ga tsohuwar ƙungiyar, rikice-rikicen shugabanci sun haifar da wasu tsagerun ƙungiyoyi irin su ISWAP waɗanda suma suka yi ƙaurin suna wajen cin gajiyar yanayin yankunan karkara da dazuzzuka don ɗaga martabarsu da faɗaɗa tasirinsu.

Dr Bukarti ya ce Boko Haram ta samu damar faɗaɗa ikonta zuwa wasu yankuna ne da ƙulla alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin ƴan ta'adda na duniya sakamakon rashin tsaron iyakoki a tsakanin ƙasashe maƙota

"Ɗaya daga cikin dalilan yaɗuwar Boko Haram, shi ne yaɗuwar da ta yi kamar wutar daji zuwa Nijar, Kamaru da Chadi, kuma hakan ya faru ne lokacin da gwamnati ta yi kura-kuran da ta yi na rashin tsaron iyakoki," in ji shi.

Ya kuma ce ƙungiyar Boko Haram ta riƙa samun kuɗaɗe da makamai daga ƙungiyoyi irinsu IS, amma gwamnati ba ta maida hankali sosai wajen daƙile hakan ba har lokaci ya ƙure mata.

Hanyoyin da suka kamata a bi domin ganin bayan BH

Dr Bukarti ya ce dole sai gwamnatin Najeeriya ta fara kassara lagon ƙungiyar Boko Haram da daƙile ɗaukar mayaƙa da take yi.

Ya kuma ce ya kamata gwamnati ta inganta alaƙarta da mutanen da ke kan iyakoki a wasu ƙasashe maƙota domin su ne za su iya bayar da bayanan da za su taimaka a fatattaki mayaƙan idan an gansu saboda rashin jami'an tsaro a irin waɗannan wurare.

Wani abu da Bukarti ya ce yana muhimmanci a daƙile, shi ne yadda ƴan ta'addan ke samun kayan abinci da man fetur da sauran abubuwan gudanar da lamuran yau da kullum.

Sai kuma samarwa matasa aikin yi da wayar musu da kai, domin a cewarsa "duk matashin da ya fahimci addininshi da rayuwa, yana da wuya ya shiga ƙungiyar."

Bukarti ya ƙara da cewa: "Akwai buƙatar ƙarafaf ba matasa ilimi da aikin yi."

Masanin ya ce yana da muhimmanci gwamnati ta maida hankali wajen tabbatar da adalci a ƙasa da tabbatar da cewa an yi amfani da dukiyar al'umma wajen ci gaban ƙasa da al'umma "ba wai ƴaƴansu da matansu ba".