Amahinguriro y'imodoka akomeye kw'isi ari mu ngorane zo guhangana n'Ubushinwa

Amahinguriro y'imodoka kw'isi ariko arahura n'ikibazo gikomeye, aho amahinguriro yo muri Amerika, Uburayi n'Ubuyapani ariko aratakaza ikibanza yari afise, mu gihe ayo mu Bushinwa ariko aratera imbere atari mu modoka gusa zikoresha umuyagankuba, ariko no mu mabateri, mu gukora izigezweho no gushiramwo ubuhinga bwa none bugezweho.

BBC yaragiye kuraba inganda ziri i Beijing no muri Hefei, mu gihe hariko habera imurikagurisha rya Auto China 2026 — imurikagurisha rinini kw'isi ry'imiduga — maze irabona urugero rudasanzwe rw'ikoreshwa ry'ubuhinga bwo gukora ibintu vyikoresha hamwe n'ukwihuta mu guteza imbere porogarama za mudasobwa, ivyo bikaba biriko birasiga inyuma amahinguriro yandi yo mu mahanga yahora yiganza ku masoko y'imodoka mu Bushinwa.

Umukuru wa Honda, Toshihiro Mibe, yabwiye ibinyamakuru vyo mu Buyapani ati: "Nta mahirwe dufise yo guhangana n'ibi," inyuma yo kugendera uruganda rwo muri Shanghai rukoresha cane ubuhinga bwo gukoresha ama "robots" n'ibintu vyikoresha.

Umukuru wa Ford, Jim Farley, na we nyene yaraburiye ko abakora imodoka bo mu bihugu vy'Uburengerazuba "bariko barwanira kubaho" mu gihe amahinguriro y'Abashinwa ariko aragura ibikorwa vyayo kw'isi yose.

Inyuma y'imyaka myinshi ayo mashirahamwe yo mu mahanga ashira amafaranga mu migambi bahuriyemwo n'abafatanyabikorwa b'Abashinwa kugira bakore imodoka, ubu ariko arahindura uburyo bw'iyo migenderanire kugira ashobore kuguma ahiganwa.

Umuhinga asesangura ivy'isoko ry'imodoka ari i Shanghai, Bill Russo, avuga ati: "Ikosa rikomeye ibihugu vyateye imbere biriko birakora ni ukwibaza ko ihinduka ririko riraba rifatiye gusa ku modoka zikoresha umuyagankuba. Ahubwo ikibazo nyamukuru ni ukumenya uwuzoyobora mu minsi iza ubuhinga bwo gutwara ibintu n'abantu."

Telefone ngendanwa zigezweho zigendera ku mapine

Ubushinwa ntibwiganje gusa mu gukora imodoka ubwazo.

Nk'uko icegeranyo c'ikigo c'ubushakashatsi Rhodium Group kibivuga, Ubushinwa ni bwo bwihariye cane amasoko yo kurungika ibidandazwa mu mirwi irenga 315 y'ibikorwa bitandukanye, bivuye ku mirwi 163 mu mwaka wa 2016. Vyinshi muri ivyo bifitaniye isano n'urunani rwo gukora imodoka zikoresha umuyagankuba (EV), harimwo za bateri, ibice vy'imodoka hamwe n'imashini zikoreshwa mu nganda.

Ishirahamwe mpuzamakungu rijejwe ivy'inguvu, International Energy Agency, rivuga ko gukora imodoka ntoyi yo mu bwoko bwa SUV ikoresha umuyagankuba mu Bushinwa bizimbutse ku rugero rwa 30% ugereranije n'ibihugu vyateye imbere. Ivyo biva ahanini ku giciro gito ca bateri hamwe n'urunani rw'ugutanga ibikoresho rutunganijwe neza cane.

Ako karusho k'Ubushinwa kubatswe biciye mu myaka myinshi reta ishigikira cane ico gisata. Rhodium Group ivuga ko Ubushinwa bumaze gushiramwo amafaranga angana na za miliyari z'amadolari ziharurwa muri za mirongo, mu gukora imodoka zikoresha umuyagankuba hamwe na bateri muri iyi myaka ya vuba iheze.

Izo mfashanyo, zanebaguwe cane n'ibihugu vya Buraya na Amerika bivuga ko zihungabanya isoko, zafashije ayo mashirahamwe gukura ningoga no kugabanya ibiciro.

Ihiganwa hagati y'amahinguriro yo mu Bushinwa na ryo nyene ryatumye ubuhinga bushasha butera imbere ningoga.

Amahinguriro akomeye y'ubuhinga bwa none nka Xiaomi, Huawei na Alibaba, ubu na yo ariko arakora imodoka zikoresha umuyagankuba (amashanyarazi), ivyo bikaba vyazanye ubuhinga bwa telefone n'ibikoresho vya none mu gisata c'imodoka.

Umusesanguzi w'imodoka Bill Russo yavuze ati: "Ntibagisigaye bahiganwa n'ibihugu vy'Uburengero gusa. Ubu bariko bahiganwa hagati yabo."

Mu gihe imodoka ziriko zirarushiriza kwizigira porogarama za none — kuva ku buhinga bufasha umudereva gushika ku buryo bwo kwinezereza buri mu modoka — ayo mahinguriro y'ubuhinga bwa none ariko araronsa amahinguriro y'imodoka yo mu Bushinwa akandi karusho.

Iryo hinduka riboneka cane mu ruganda rwa Xiaomi rwubaka imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi hafi ya Beijing, aho imodoka imwe ikorwa hafi buri masegonda 76.

Naho Xiaomi yatanguye gukora imodoka yayo ya mbere ikoresha umuyagankuba mu 2024, ubu iri mu mahinguriro agurisha cane mu Bushinwa. Intumbero yayo ni uguhuza imodoka na telefone, ama "applications" hamwe n'ibikoresho vy'ubwenge biri mu nzu kugira vyose bikore nk'urunani rumwe.

Mu ruganda rwa NIO i Hefei, ibice bimwe bimwe vy'ikorwa ry'imodoka bikorwa hafi ya vyose n'ama "robots".

Na ho BYD yo yakoze uburyo bwo kwuzuza umuriro ningoga cane, bushobora kwongerera imodoka urugendo rwa kilometero 400 mu minota nk'itanu gusa — hafi y'umwanya bifata mu kwuzuza igitoro mu modoka zisanzwe.

He Xiaopeng, ari we yatanguye kandi atwara XPeng, yabwiye BBC News ko iryo hinguriro ririko rirashira imbere cane gukora amarobo ("robots) ameze nk'abantu hamwe n'imodoka ziguruka, hamwe no gukora imodoka zikoresha umuyagankuba.

Yagize ati: "Mu myaka cumi iri imbere, ihinguriro ry'imodoka iryo ari ryo ryose rizoba ari n'ihinguriro ry'amarobo."

Gusubira kwiyumvira ku Bushinwa

Amahinguriro y'imiduga y'abanyamahanga asanzwe akora imodoka, asanzwe yizigira Ubushinwa mu kugurisha imodoka ku masoko mpuzamakungu. Tesla irungika i Buraya imodoka zo mu bwoko bwa Model 3 zakorewe i Shanghai, mu gihe imodoka zo mu bwoko bwa Mini za BMW zikoresha umuyagankuba zikorerwa mu Bushinwa na zo nyene zigurishwa mu mahanga.

Ariko rero, menshi muri ayo mahinguriro arafise ikibazo co kudandaza mu Bushinwa.

Nk'uko ikigo Automobility c'ubujanama mu vy'imodoka kibivuga, igice c'isoko ry'imodoka ryafashwe n'imodoka ziva hanze mu Bushinwa cavuye kuri 64% mu 2020 kigabanuka gushika kuri 32% muri uno mwaka.

Iryo gabanuka ryaragize ingaruka ku nyungu za General Motors (GM) hamwe n'abakora imodoka bo mu Budagi, bahora bizigira cane isoko ry'Ubushinwa kugira bunguke.

N'imodoka z'agaciro kanini na zo ziriko zirahura n'ingorane. Imodoka yo mu rwego rwo hejuru ya Maextro S800 yakozwe na Huawei yabaye imodoka igurishwa cane mu Bushinwa mu zifise agaciro karenga amadolari 100,000 y'Abanyamerika, ubu isigaye irusha kugurwa imodoka zagurwa zivuye hanze nka Porsche Panamera hamwe na BMW 7 Series zose uzishize hamwe, zari zisanzwe ziganje kw'isoko ry'Ubushinwa.

Mu myaka iharurwa muri za mirongo iheze, amahinguriro y'imiduga y'abanyamahanga yazana ubuhinga hamwe n'amazina akomeye, mu gihe abo bakorana bo mu Bushinwa batanga amahinguriro hamwe n'isoko ryo kudandarizamwo.

Ariko ubu iyo migenderanire iriko irahinduka.

Uruganda rw'imodoka Stellantis ruheruka gusinya amasezerano ya miliyari imwe y'ama-euro n'uruganda Dongfeng rufashwa na reta rwo mu Bushinwa kugira bakorere mu Bushinwa imodoka zo mu bwoko bwa Peugeot na Jeep, zizogurishwa mu Bushinwa no hanze yabwo.

Stellantis kandi izojana i Buraya imodoka zikoresha umuyagankuba zo mu bwoko bwa Voyah za Dongfeng. Urwo ruganda rwavuze kandi ko ruriko ruriga uburyo rwokorera mw'ishami ryarwo ryo mu Bufaransa imodoka zakozwe hakoreshejwe ibishushanyo vyateguwe mu Bushinwa.

Na Volkswagen iriko iratanga imiliyoni 700 z'amadolari ya Amerika kugira ironke ubuhinga bwa porogarama hamwe n'uburyo bwo gutwara imodoka zitagira umudereva vya XPeng, kugira ikore imodoka nshasha zikoresha umuyagankuba. Iryo hinguriro ryemeye ko ritashobora ubwaryo gukora ubwo buhinga ningoga bihagije mu Budage.

Umukuru wa XPeng, He Xiaopeng, avuga ko iyo migenderanire ifitiye akamaro impande zompi. Yagize ati: "Turigana, gutyo tukizerana kandi tugafashanya."

Inganda nka Toyota, Hyundai, Ford hamwe na Nissan na zo ziriko ziragura ibikorwa vy'ubushakashatsi mu Bushinwa canke ziriko zirarondera uburyo bwo gukorera mu mahanga imodoka zakozwe hakoreshejwe ubuhinga n'ibishushanyo vy'Abashinwa. Ivyo bisigura ko ubu ziriko zikoresha impano n'ubumenyi vyo mu Bushinwa mu gukora imodoka, aho kuba gusa igihugu co kuzikoreramwo.

Ariko si ko imigambi yose iriko iratanga umwimbu mwiza.

Audi yabwirijwe kugabanya cane ibiciro vy'imodoka yayo ya E5, yari yakoze igenewe isoko ry'Ubushinwa, inyuma y'aho abantu bake cane ari bo bayiguze ugereranije n'ivyo urwo ruganda rwari rwiteze.

GM na yo yarahomvye amafaranga angana na za miliyari nyinshi z'amadolari mu bikorwa vyayo mu Bushinwa, kandi imenyesha ko igurisha ryayo ryagabanutse ku rugero rurenga 21% mu mezi atatu ya mbere y'uyu mwaka.

Abakora imodoka b'Abayapani bo bagiye bateba kwimukira ku modoka zikoresha umuyagankuba gusa, ivyo bikaba vyatumye bagira intege nke mu Bushinwa no mu bihugu vya Aziya y'Epfo no mu Buseruko, aho imodoka z'Abashinwa ziriko zirarushiriza gufata isoko ningoga.

Mu ntango z'uyu mwaka wa 2026, Volkswagen, vy'akanya gato, yarasubiriye kuba uruganda rwagurishije imodoka nyinshi mu Bushinwa. Ariko bishobora kuba vyatewe n'uko reta y'i Beijing yari yahagaritse imfashanyo yahora iha imodoka zikoresha umuyagankuba, ivyo na vyo bikaba vyaragabanije inguvu z'abahiganwa na rwo bo mu Bushinwa.

Isoko ryo mu Bushinwa na ryo nyene ririko riragabanuka cane. Iterambere ry'ubutunzi ryaragabanutse inyuma y'imyaka myinshi y'ukwiyongera, mu gihe ugukora imodoka nyinshi birenze izikenewe hamwe n'ihiganwa rikomeye ry'ibiciro, biriko biragabanya inyungu z'ayo mahinguriro.

Ico ni kimwe mu bituma amahinguriro y'imodoka yo mu Bushinwa ariko araguka aja mu mahanga. Amahinguriro nka BYD, Chery hamwe na SAIC Motor ariko arinjira ku masoko y'Uburaya hamwe n'ibihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajambere, naho hari amatagisi yo kwinjiza ibidandazwa ashika kuri 45% mu Muryango w'Ubumwe bw'Uburaya (UE/EU).

Imodoka ya Jaecoo 7 y'uruganda Chery yabaye imwe mu modoka zo mu bwoko bushasha zagurishijwe cane mu Bwongereza mu mezi 14 inyuma yo gutangura kuyigurisha. Ariko amatagisi arenga 100% yashizweho muri Amerika uravye yaciye abuza amahinguriro yo mu Bushinwa kwinjira kuri iryo soko.

Abahinga baburira ko uko ibikorwa vyinshi vyo gukora imodoka, ubuhinga bwa bateri hamwe n'iterambere rya porogarama biriko vyimukira mu Bushinwa, ibihugu vyahora ari ibigo bikomeye vy'inganda muri Aziya y'Epfo n'iy'Ubuseruko hamwe n'Uburaya bishobora kuhahombera, ivyo bikagira ingaruka ku kazi no ku butunzi bw'aho hantu.

Umuhanuzi (umujanama) mu vy'inganda, James Pearson, avuga ko amatagisi atazotuma ayo masoko akingirwa vyanka vyakunda.

Avuga ati: "Niwababuza kwinjira kw'isoko rimwe, baca baja kurondera irindi."

Bill Russo wewe avuga ko aho isi y'imodoka ishingiye hamaze guhinduka.

Avuga ko amahinguriro yemera gukorana n'Abashinwa afise amahirwe yo gutera imbere, mu gihe ayagerageza guhagarika ukuduga kw'Ubushinwa ari mu vyago vyo gusigara inyuma.

Jaltson Akkanath Chummar yaterereye kuri iyi nkuru