Yadda yanayin jikin ƴanwasan ƙwallon ƙafa ya sauya cikin shekara 50

Ƙwallaye biyu masu cike tarihi a gasar cin kofin duniya ta maza ta Fifa sun kasance waɗanda suka fi bayar da misalin wani gagarumin sauyi a fagen ƙwallon ƙafa da kuma sifoffin jikin fitattun ƴan wasanta.

Cikin wasu daƙiƙa 30 a shekarar 1970, Brazil ta tattaɓa kwallo tsakanin ƴan wasa takwas kafin ɗan wasan baya Carlos Alberto zunduma ta a cikin raga.

Ƙwallo na huɗu da ƙasar ta zura a ragar Italiya a wasan ƙarshe na cin kofin duniya na Fifa ya kasance daya daga cikin wanda aka fi kambamawa a tarihin gasar.

Amma dubi shekara 50 bayan haka, irin wannan ƙawallo da Argentina ta Faransa a wasan ƙarshe na gasar 2022 - wanda ɗan wasan gefe Angel Di Maria ya ci - ya ɗauki daƙiƙa 12 ne kacal.

Wannan ƙwallon da aka ci a 1970 "da ba zai yiwu faru a wannan zamanin ba", in ji Dr Orlando Laitano, farfesa a Jami'ar Florida kuma babban ƙwararre fannin ilimin motsa jiki.

Idan waccan tawagar ta Brazil za ta iya kasancewa a zamanin yanzu , mai yiyuwa ne abokan hamayyarsu a wannan zamanin za su iya daƙile yunƙurin nasu. Kuma, in ji Dokta Laitano, "Babban bambancin ba hazaƙa ko gwaninta ba ne - sai dai ya zama bambancin ƙirar jiki

'An samu ƙari a matsakaicin tsayin ƴanwasa'

Dokta Laitano, wanda ya yi aiki tare da tawagar ƴan wasan Brazil a gasar cin kofin duniya ta Fifa a 2014, ya ce ƴan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na zamanin yanzu suna da ƙirar jikin da ya bambanta da ga ƴan wasan da suka gabata.

Ya ce sauyi da ci gaba a fannin motsa jiki da yadda ake sarrafa da kuma shan magani, da kuma sauye-sauye kan ga yadda wasan ke gudana, yana nufin ƙwararrun ƴan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa sun rikiɗe suka zama masu yaƙin karaɗe kowane inci na filin wasa kuma "sabili da haka, ƴan wasan zamani dole ne suka zama masu sauri da kuma ƙarfi".

Bayanan da aka tattara a cikin shekara 50 da suka gabata ya nuna cewa ƴan wasa sun ƙara tsayi sun kuma rage ƙiba, a cewar wani bincike da aka gudanar a jami'ar Wolverhampton da ke Ingila.

Sun yio nazarin bayanan dubban ƴan wasa a cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa na Ingila daga shekarun 1970 zuwa shekarun 2020, inda a yanzu ake samun fitattun ƴan wasa daga sassan duniya.

Matsakaicin tsayin ƴan wasan ya ƙaru da fiye da 4cm tsakanin 1973 zuwa 2013.

Halin ya ci gaba a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa tsakanin masu tsaron gida da masu tsaron baya, kodayake matsakaicin tsayin ɗan wasan gaba da na tsakiya ya ragu kaɗan.

Masu binciken sun nuna cewa sauyin da ake samu yanayin jiki ya faru ne sakamakon ƙarin kyawun filaye da kuma ƙarin yawan aikin da ake buƙata daga ƴan wasan zamani.

A shekarun 1970s, filaye a tsakiyar lokacin sanyi sun kasance suna yin laka sosai "kuma ƴan wasa dole ne su kasance da tsoka sosai a jikinsu kafin su iya wasa yadda ya kamata", in ji Emeritus Farfesa Alan Nevill, ɗaya daga cikin masu binciken.

Amma yanzu, yayin da filaye suka ƙara kyau "kuna samun waɗannan ƴan wasa maras nauyi, ƴan wasa masu ƙaramin jiki waɗanda za su iya yin wasa na tsawon lokaci ba tare da sun gaji ba".

Masana sun ce yawancin karfin da suke amfani da shi ya kan ƙare ne kan guje-guje..

Tsere zuwa ga nasara

Bincike da dama sun yi ƙiyasin cewa a shekarun 1970 da 80 da kyar ƴan wasa su ke iya gudun kilomita 30 - amma a gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2022, aƙalla ƴan wasa 10 sun yi gudun fiye da 35km / h.

Kuma mafi mahimmanci, ƴan wasa na ci gaba da ƙara yawan gudun da suke yi cikin wasa wasa.

"Idan ka dubi ƴan wasan gaba daga ƙarni na ƙarshe, su na tafiya ne sosai a cikin wasa, sai dai su riƙa zabura a wasu ƴan lokuta ƙalilan kuma har su iya cin ƙwallo . Yanzu ba haka lamarin ya ke ba ," in ji Jens Bangsbo, farfesa a fannin ilimin motsa jiki a Jami'ar Copenhagen.

A gasar cin kofin nahiyar Turai na maza na ƙarshe da aka buga a Jamus a shekara ta 2024, ƴan wasa sun yi gudun kilomita 25 ko fiye da haka da sau 12 a kowane wasa, a cewar hukumar ƙwallon kafa ta Turai Uefa.

Yawan gudun da ɗan wasan ke yi ya danganta ne da wurin da ya ke bugawa a cikin fili duk da haka - masu tsaron baya da na tsakiya sun tsinke da gudu ne aƙalla sau 8 a kowanne wasa, yayin da ƴan wasan gaba suka yi haka sau 12 sai kuma maus tsaron baya na gefe da suka yi haka sau 14.

Tsinkewa da gudu wani abu ne daban abin da ya fi muhimmanci shi ne yin hakan akai-akai, in ji Farfesa Bangsbo.

"A gaskiya ƙwallon ƙafa a zamanin yanzu ya ta'allaƙa ne kan yadda ake iya farfadowa ko murmurewa da wuri - ikon murmurewa cikin sauri," in ji Farfesa Bangsbo, wani tsohon ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa da kansa kuma daya daga cikin manyan ƙwararru a fagen wasan ƙwallon ƙafa da ilimin halittar jiki.

Wannan ƙarin gudun da aka samu a wasan zamanin yanzu, musamman a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, ya samo asali ne sakamakon ƙaruwar amfani da dabarun wasa da ke buƙatar a yi gudu sosai a cikin wasan yayin da masu tsaron baya ke neman ƙwato ƙwallo a cikin wasan da sauriabokan karawarsu.

Abin mamaki shi ne, ba a samu bambanci sosai a irirn nisan gudun da ƴan wasa ke yi a cikin filin wasan ba.

Bincike ya nuna cewa a cikin shekarun 1970, ƴan wasa suna tafiya, sauri ko gudu na kusan kilomita 8.7 a kowane wasa - kuma hakan ya kai kololuwar kilomita 11.4 a shekarun 1990, amma daga baya ya ragu. Ƴan wasa a gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2022 sun yi gudun matsakaicin tazara a kowane wasa na 10.6km, a cewar Fifa, ko da yake ya bambanta tsakanin matsayi ƴan wasa daban-daban.

Ko ƴan wasa na buga wasanni da yawa?

Har ila yau, bayanai sun nuna cewa wasu manyan ƴan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa suna yawan yin wasa. Bincike ya nuna cewa yawan wasannin da akasarin ƙungiyoyin ke bugawa a duniya ya kasance ne a kusan 42.

Duk da haka, abin na iya ƙara nauyi kan kafaɗun fitattun ƴan wasa.

Misali, ɗan wasan baya na Liverpool da Holland Virgil Van Dijk, ya riga ya shiga wasanni 65 a bana, ciki har da guda goma na tawagar ƙasarsa, gabanin gasar cin kofin duniya, a cewar bayanan da Fifpro, ƙungiyar ƴan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa da ƙasa ta buga.

Fifpro ta ce nauyin buga wasanni da ya rataya a wuyar ƴan wasa bai taɓa kai wa matakin da ake gani a yanzu ba, ta kuma yi kira da a sake ɓullo da sabbin hanyoyin da za a tabbatar da hutu da kuma murmurewar ƴan wasan cikin sauri.

"Yawan wasanni lamari ne da ke tattare da haɗarin jin rauni," in ji Farfesa Bangsbo.

Wani bincike da Uefa ta ba da umarnin gudanarwa, wanda aka wallafa a cikin shekarar 2023, ya gano abin da ta bayyana a matsayin "damuwa" kan ƙaruwar adadin raunin cinyab da ƴan wasa suka ji a cikin shekaru takwas da suka gabata. A lamura shida cikin 10, ƴan wasa suna cutar da kansu yayin da suke sauri ko gudu. Binciken bai tantance dalilin ba, amma marubutan sun yi nuni da ƙarin yawan ƙarfin da ake amfani da shi yayin dfa ake ƙwallon ƙafa da ckuma yawan wasannin da ake bugawa na iya zama dalilai.

"Yan wasa a zamanin yanzu suna kusan ƙure kansu. Sakamkon rashin samun isashen lokacin murmurewa, gaɓoɓin jikinsu sukan sha wahala" in ji Farfesa Laitano.

Masu yawan shekaru na bayar da mamamki

Amma akwai kuma mai daɗi. Ci gaban da aka samu a fannin kimiyyar wasanni, tun daga tsarin horaswa zuwa abinci mai gina jiki da murmurewa, ya bai wa ƴan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa damar su ci gaba da taka leda a matakin fitattu na tsawon lokaci.

Matsakaicin shekarun ƴan wasa a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai, wato Uefa Champions League, gasar ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa mafi muhimmanci a duniya, ya tashi daga shekara 24.9 a 1992 zuwa 26.5 a 2018.

Adadin ƴan wasa ƴan sama da shekara 35 da ke buga gasar cin kofin duniya ya ƙaru

Gasar cin kofin duniya guda uku da suka gabata sune "mafi tsufa" a tarihi, a cewar Fifa - gasar ta 2018 ce ta zama gasa mai mafi yawan matsakaicin shekarun ƴan wasa, inda aka samu shekaru 27.9.

Ƴan wasa bakwai ne kawai masu shekaru 35 ko sama da haka suka shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta 1990 - yayin da 41 suka halarci gasar ta 2022, a cewar bayanan da Dr Joshua C Fjetsul, ƙawarrare kan tatatar alƙaluma kuma masanin tattalin arziki na Jami'ar Oslo ya tattara.

A bana, jerin sunayen ƴan wasan Fifa sun nuna ƴan wasa 72 ke da sama da shekara 35. Ƴan wasa takwas suna da shekaru 40 ko sama da haka - fiye da yadda aka taɓa samu a duk gasannin cin kofin duniya da aka yi a baya.

'Yan wasan da suke kula da kansu kuma suna bin tsarin horo da na murmurewa yadda ya dace da kuma suna da damar da za su iya taka leda a babban matakin na tsawon lokaci ba kamar ƴan wasan da suka yi wasa a zamanin da ba," in ji Dr Laitano.