Yadda ƙungiyar JNIM ta zama babbar barazana a Mali

Ƙungiyar Jamaat Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin (JNIM), da aka kafa a 2017 - wadda reshen ƙungiyar al-Qaeda ce - na neman sauya matsayinta daga mai ƙawance da ƙungiyoyin jihadi zuwa mai barazana ga gwamnati Mali.

Hakan ya ƙara fitowa fili ne bayan hare-haren ranar 25 ga watan Afrilu da ƙungiyar ta ƙaddamar a faɗin manyan garuruwa da birnen Mali, ciki har da Bamako, babban birnin ƙasar.

Yayin da ƙungiyar ke kiran tilasta amfani da dokokin shari'a a faɗin ƙasar ta hanyar amfani da ƙarfin makami, a shekarun baya-bayan nan JNIM ta dakatar da ayyana kanta a matsayin mai yaɗa aƙidun jihadi a faɗin duniya, inda ta mayar da hankali kan Mali.

Salon da ƙungiyar ta yi amfani da shi a baya-bayan nan na kiran sojojin Hayar Rasha a ƙasar su zama ƴan ba ruwanmu, da kuma burinta na ƙulla ƙawance da mayaƙan ƴan'awaren Tuareg a hare-haren baya-bayan nan, ya ƙara tabbatar da hakan.

Ta yaya ta ƙaddamar da hare-haren ƙarshen mako?

A ranar 25 ga watan Afrilu, ƙungiyar JNIM da mayaƙan awaren Tuareg sun haɗa gwiwa wajen ƙaddamar da hare-hare a faɗin Mali.

Haka kuma ƙungiyoyin biyu sun yi iƙirarijn iko da garuruwan Sevare da Mopti da Gao da Kidal, masu muhimmanci da ke arewacin ƙasar.

Haka kuma ƙungiyar JNIM ta yi iƙirarin kai hare-hare a Bamako, babban birnin ƙasar Mali.

Ƙungiyoyi masu iƙirarin jihadi sun riƙa yaɗa bidiyoyin mayaƙan JNIM lokacin da suke ƙaddamar hare-haren, inda daga baya baya ita ma ƙungiyar ta riƙa yaɗawa.

Wasu majiyoyin sojin Mali sun bayyana cewa sun daƙile wasu daga cikin hare-haren ƙungiyar ta JNIM, musamman a Bamako.

Idan har da gaske ne waɗannan muhimman garuruwan na ƙarƙashin ikon mayaƙan, hakan zai yi wa gwamnati wahala ta iya samun iƙo da sauran yankunan arewacin ƙasar.

Mopti da Sevare - inda aka bayar da rahotonnin cewa hare-haren sun fi muni - su ne kawai garuruwan da ake bi don zuwa yankunan Kidal da Timbuktu.

Da wa JNIM ta haɗa kai?

Cikin wata sanarwar da JNIM ta fitar game da hare-haren ta yi iƙirarin cewa ta ƙaddamar wasu ne tare da haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyar ƴan'awaren Tuareg (FLA), inda ta bayyana mayaƙan FLA a matsayin ''abokai''.

Duk da cewa an jima da iƙirarin cewa JNIM na aiki da FLA, wannan ne karon farko da ƙungiyar ta tabbatar da hakan.

Haka ita ma FLA a baya ta sha musanta alaƙa da JNIM, kodayake a baya-bayan nan ta jaddada cewa a shirye take ta yi aiki da duk wanda ke da manufa irin tata na kawar da tsarin mulkin da ƙasar ke kai a yanzu.

Shafin Telegram na Hamid al-Qawsi mai yaɗa ayyukan al-Qaeda, ya wallafa wani saƙon murya a ranar 26 ga watan Afrilu, wanda aka danganta da wani kwamandan JNIM, da aka bayyana da Abu Qatada al-Azwadi, na bayanin cewa sun ƙulla ƙawance da FLA ne bayan da ta amince ta rungumi tsarin Shari'a tare da jingine aƙidunta na rashin alaƙanta kai da addini.

Haɗin kai da ƙungiyar FLA na iya janyo rikici tsakanin ƙungiyoyin jihadi, inda magoya bayan IS ke cewa JNIM a shirye take ta yi aiki da abin da ta kira ''marasa addini''.

A watan Agustan 2024, JNIM da mayaƙan Tuareg sun fitar da sanarwar iƙirarin kisan gomman dakarun Mali da sojojin Rasha a yankin Kidal.

A wannan lokaci mayaƙan CSP-DPA, waɗanda ƙungiyar FLA ta maye gurbinta, sun ce su ne suka kitsa ƙaddamar da hari kan jerin gwanon motocin sojin Mali, daga baya JNIM ta shiga yaƙin.

Sai dai a lokacin JNIM ta ce mayaƙan CSP-DPA sun ƙi tabbatar da shigarta yaƙin.

Boren arewacin Mali na 2012 ya auku ne sakamakon rashin jituwar ƙungiyar ƴan'awaren Tuareg da masu iƙirarin jihadi.

Jagoran JNIM, Iyad Ag Ghaly, ya kasance jigo a boren 2012, kasancewar yana da ƙwarewa da masaniya a ayyukan tawayen ƙungiyar Tuareg da kuma siyasar arewacin Mali.

Shin JNIM na da akidar jihadi ta duniya?

A tsarin aƙidun JNIM tana yin watsi da tsarin gwamnatin ƙasar da katsalandar ƙasashen waje a yankin, inda take kiran kafa gwamnati mai aiki da dokokin Shari'a.

Tsauraran aƙidunta sun sanya ta fita daban cikin sauran ƙungiyoyin ƴan'aware a arewacin Mali.

A shekarun baya-bayan nan, jerin sanarwa da JNIM ke fitarwa sun riƙa mayar da hankali kan abubuwan da ke faruwa a ƙasar, musamman takan koka kan keta haƙƙin bil'adama da take zargin sojojin ƙasar da na Rasha na yi.

A ƴan shekarun baya-bayan nan JNIM ta rage kiraye-kirayen jihadi a faɗin duniya da haɗin kai da al-Qaeda da sauran ƙungiyoyi.

Sanarwar da ƙungiyar ta fitar a watan Nuwamban 2025 ta yi kiran ''yin bore ga gwamnatin mulkin soji Mali, da ƙaurace mata ta kowane hali''.

Ƙungiyar ta zargi gwamnatin mulkin sojin Mali da ''tattare dukiyar ƙasar wajen biyan sojojin hayar Rasha da dakarun ƙetare domin kawai ta ci gaba da kasancewa a kan mulki''.

JNIM na kiran kafa abin da ta kira "gwamnatin Musulunci" bisa tsarin koyarwar Shari'a domin "tabbatar da tsaro da zaman lafiya" ga duka al'umomin Mali.

To sai dai burin JNIM na ƙulla ƙawance da mayaƙan FLA na nuna sauƙin sauyawar aƙidunta.

Wannan tsari ƙungiyar mayaƙan Siriya ta Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) ta ɗauka wajen ƙulla ƙawance da sauran ƙungiyoyin aware da kauce wa asalin aƙidunta, lamarin da ya sa ta kauce wa adawar ƙasashen duniya, abin da kuma ya ba ta damar ƙwace mulkin ƙasar a ƙarshen 2024.

Yayin da mafi yawan jami'an JNIM mazauna Mali sun fito ne daga ƙabilun Fulani da Tuareg, tsarin farfagandar ƙungiyar a watannin baya-bayan nan na yin tafisiri cikin harsunan da dama na yankin Sahel ka iya ba ta damar yaɗuwa tsakanin sauran ƙabilun yankin.

Ina JNIM ta fi ƙarfi?

JNIM ta kai hare-hare masu yawa a Mali da Burkina Faso, amma tana da ƙarfi a Nijar da Benin, kuma ta yi ikirarin ayyukanta a Najeriya da Togo.

Yayin da mafi yawan hare-haren ƙungiyar cikin shekara biyu da suka gabata sun auku ne a Burkina Faso, a 2025 ƙungiyar ta fi karkata zuwa Mali, bayan da ta sanya wa ƙasar takunkumin tattalin arziki ta hanyar hana jigilar man fetur daga ƙasashe maƙwabta zuwa cikin ƙasar.

Sanadin wannan yunƙurin, ƙungiyar ta ƙona tankokin man fetur fiye da 300, tare da kashe dirobobi 27 a shekarar da ta gabata, kamar yadda kafofin yaɗa labaran ƙasar suka ruwaito.

To sai dai zuwa farkon 2026, an samu raguwar hana jigilar man fetur zuwa Mali da ƙungiyar JNIM ke yi.

Yaushe JNIM ta kafu?

An kafa ƙungiyar JNIM ranar 2 ga watan Maris na 2017 a matsayin haɗakar ƙawancen ƙungiyoyi jihadi masu alaƙa da al-Qaeda a arewacin Afirka da yankin Sahel.

Waɗanda suka kafa JNIM sun haɗa da Iyad Ag Ghaly, da shugaban ƙungiyar Ansaru da Amadou Koufa, shugaban ƙungiyar Katibat Macina (da aka fi sani da Macina Liberation Front ko FLM).

Sauran sun haɗa da ƙungiyar al-Qaeda ta yankin Sahel da ƙungiyar IS ta yankin Maghreb (AQIM Sahara), da ƙungiyar al-Mourabitoun.

Duk da cewa sashen yaɗa labaran JNIM na ƙoƙorin bayyana ta a matsayin ƙungiya ɗaya, to amma mabambantan ƙungiyoyi ne suka dunƙule wuri guda da ke aiki ƙarƙashin inuwa ɗaya, da suka ƙunshi mabambantan ƙabilu da launin fata da kuma harasa daban-daban.

A farkon kafuwarta, JNIM na gudanar da mafi yawan ayyukanta a yankin Mopti da ke tsakiyar Mali.

Yayin da dakarun Faransa da na Majalisar Dinkun duniya suka fice daga ƙasar a 2023, JNIM ta riƙa ƙaddamar da hare-hare kan tsoffin sansanonin MDD a arewacin Mali.

To amma zuwa farkon 2025, ƙungiyar ta ƙaddamar da munanan hare-hare a fadin Burkina Faso, inda yankunan ƙasar da dama suka fuskanci hare-harenta.

Akwai kuma ƙungiyar IS ta yankin Sashel, wadda ita ma ke da ƙarfi a kan iyakokin ƙasashen Mali, Nijar da Burkina Faso.

Waɗannan ƙungiyoyi guda biyu manyan abokan gabar juna ne, inda a wasu lokutan suke gwabza yaƙin faɗaɗa iko tsakaninsu.

A ƙasar Mali, IS na ta fi ƙarfi a yankin Menaka, kuma tana da mambobi a wasu yankunan ƙasar, kodayake mayaƙan JNIM sun danne su sosai.