Waɗanne masarautu Ɗanfodio ya ci da yaƙi kuma ina ne ake kira daular Sokoto?

Sarkin Musulmi ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin jagorori mafiya ƙarfin faɗa a ji a yankin arewacin Najeriya da ma wasu yankunan Afirka.

Sarautar ta samo asali ne daga Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo, wanda ya yi jihadi tare da kafa Daular Musulunci a Sokoto a farkon ƙarni an 19, wadda ta yi ƙarfi da tasiri a yankin Afirka ta Yamma, kamar yadda Muhammad Bello Idris masanin tarihin Daular Usmaniyya ya bayyana wa BBC.

A cewarsa Sokoto ta zama cibiyar siyasar daular Musulunci. Usmanu Ɗan Fodiyo ya rasu a 1817.

''Bayan mutuwarsa, Muhammadu Bello wanda shi ne babban dansa ya zama Sarkin musulmi a Sokoto, yayin da Abdullahi Ɗan Fodiyo, wanda shi ne ɗan'uwansa, ya ci gaba da mulki a Gwandu'', in ji shi.

Kafin zuwan Shehu Usman Danfodiyo, yankin Sakkwato yana ƙarƙashin mulkin Gobir. A wancan lokaci, tsarin mulkin ya kasance na sarauta, kuma ba bisa tsarin Shari'ar Musulunci yake ba. Mulki ne na gargajiya da ake gadonsa daga kaka zuwa kakanni.

An samu sauyi ne lokacin da Musulmi suka yi wa Shehu Usman Danfodiyo mubaya'a, tun kafin a fara jihadi. A wannan lokaci ne aka fara ƙoƙarin jaddada koyarwar Musulunci a ƙasashen Hausa. Daga baya, an bai wa wasu yankuna tuta, ciki har da Zazzau da Kano da Bauchi, waɗanda suka shiga cikin tsarin daular Sakkwato.

Masarautu nawa Danfodiyo ya ci da yaƙi?

Masanin tarihin ya ce "A yankin Gudu da ke jihar Sakkwato ne Shehu Usman Danfodiyo ya fara kafa tuta. A nan ne Musulmi suka yi masa mubaya'a bayan ya yi hijira daga yankin da ke ƙarƙashin mulkin Gobir".

Masana tarihi sun bayyana cewa Musulmi sun ci gaba da yin ƙaura zuwa garin Gudu domin su kasance tare da Shehu Usman Danfodiyo. A nan ne kuma aka fara kaddamar da jihadin da ya haifar da sauye-sauye a tsarin mulki da addini a yankin.

Masarautu da dama ne suka faɗa ƙarƙashin ikon jihadin Shehu Usman Danfodiyo da mabiyansa, daga yankunan da suka kasance a yau a cikin Najeriya zuwa wasu sassan Nijar, Burkina Faso da Jamhuriyar Benin.

A Najeriya, an kafa dauloli da dama a sakamakon jihadin, waɗanda adadinsu ya kai kusan 18.

Jihadin ya fara ne daga yankunan da ke kusa da Sakkwato, inda aka bai wa wasu shugabanni tutoci domin su jagoranci yaƙin jihadi da kafa tsarin mulkin Musulunci. Daga nan sai tasirinsa ya yaɗu zuwa Zamfara da Yandoto da Katsina da Adamawa da Ilorin da Nupe da Bauchi.

Haka kuma akwai Jama'are, Misau, Hadeja da Kazaure. Waɗannan su ne daga cikin wuraren da aka samu sauye-sauye a tsarin mulki da addini sakamakon jihadin Shehu Usman Danfodiyo da mabiyansa, inda aka kafa masarautu bisa tsarin mulkin da suka ɗauka a matsayin na Musulunci.

Daga zamanin Bello, shugabancin Sokoto ya ci gaba da kasancewa abin da aka fi sani da Sarkin Musulmi na Sokoto, tare da amfani da wasu laƙabban sarauta kamar Amir al-Mu'minin da Sarkin Musulmi.

A wannan muƙala mun kawo muku jerin mutanen da suka zama Sarkin Musulmi a Najeriya.

Sarakunan Musulmi

Muhammadu Bello ɗan Usmanu Ɗan Fodiyo ne, kuma shi ne na farko da aka kira Sarkin Musulmi a jerin sarautun da suka biyo baya.

Bello Idris, ya ce, "mulkinsa ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci a tarihin Daular Sokoto, domin ya sauya tafiyar jihadin da mahaifinsa ya fara zuwa tsarin siyasa da mulki mai tsari".

''Bello ba kawai barde ne kuma jagora ba ne, shi mashahurin malami ne kuma marubuci wanda ya tsunduma sosai cikin harkokin shari'ar Musulunci da mulki da diflomasiyya da kuma ilimi'', kamar yadda ya yi ƙarin haske.

Ya ci gaba da cewa a zamaninsa masarautu da dama a arewacin Najeriya suka yi mubaya'a ga daular Usmaniyya.

Ya yi wafati a garin Wurno a 1837 bayan kusan shekaru 20 a kan karaga.

Abubakar Atiku ɗan Usmanu Ɗan Fodiyo ne, ya gaji Muhammadu Bello. Bai dade akan sarauta ba, idan aka kwatanta da dan'uwansa Muhammdu Bello.

A cewar masanin tarihin Abubakar Atiku ya hau karaga ne lokacin da ake buƙatar haɗin kai tsakanin Sokoto da sauran masarautu.

''Zuwan Atiku ya nuna cewa sarauta ba ta tsaya ga ɗan fari kawai ba, domin sauran rassan iyalan malamai ma na iya gabatar da 'yan takara. Ya yi wafati a 1842 bayan ya shafe kusan shekaru biyar a kan karaga'', kamar yadda ya yi ƙarin haske.

Ali Babba ɗan Muhammadu Bello ya fito daga zuriyar Sarkin Musulmi Muhammadu Bello. Mulkinsa ya ɗauki kusan shekaru 17.

Bello Idris mabudin tarihin Sokoto, ya ce ya ƙarfafa tsarin mulkin tare da kiyaye kyawawan al'adu da tsarin addinin musulunci da Usmanu Ɗan Fodiyo da Muhammadu Bello suka kafa. Ya yi wafati a 1859.

Ahmadu Atiku ya fito daga reshen Atiku, zuriyar Abubakar Atiku. Ya yi mulki a lokacin da daular Sokoto ke da ƙarfi amma tana fuskantar rikice-rikicen siyasar cikin gida, a cewar malamin Jami'ar.

''Duk da haka Sokoto ta ci gaba da samun daraja ta fuskar addini a faɗin yankin'', in ji shi.

Sarkin Musulmi Ahmadu Atiku ya rasu a shekarar 1866 bayan kwashe shekaru bakwai a kan karaga.

Aliyu Karami ɗan Muhammadu Bello ne. Mulkinsa ya yi gajarta sosai, shekara ɗaya kacal.

Ya rasu a 1867, kuma Ahmadu Rufai ya gaje shi. ''Wannan ya nuna yadda sauyin sarauta ya kasance yana yawan faruwa a ƙarni na 19'', in ji masani tarihin Muhammad Bello Idris.

Ahmadu Rufai ya yi mulki na kusan shekaru shida. A zamaninsa, Daular Sokoto ta ci gaba da kasancewa babbar daula mai masarautu da dama, a cewar masanin tarihin.

''Ayyukansa sun haɗa da tabbatar da biyayya daga masarautu da kula da harkokin addini da daidaita rikice-rikicen siyasa''. Ya rasu a 1873.

Sarkin Musulmi Abubakar Atiku II (1873–1877)

Abubakar Atiku II ya fito daga reshen Bello. Mulkinsa ya ɗauki kusan shekaru huɗu.

''A wannan lokaci, Daular Sokoto ta kai kusan shekaru 70 tun jihadin Shehu''.

Ya rasu a 1877.

Mu'azu ya yi mulki daga 1877 zuwa 1881. Shi ma ya fito daga reshen Bello, kuma ya ci gaba da al'adu da tsarin addini da aka kafa a Sokoto .

''Sarkin Musulmi Mu'azu ya ci gaba da kasancewa jagoran addini da al'ada a babbar daula'', in ji masanin tarihin. Ya rasu a 1881.

Umaru ɗan Aliyu Babba ne, wanda shi kuma ɗan Ali Babba dan Bello ne.

''Mulkinsa ya ɗauki kusan shekaru 10, a zamaninsa, Turawan Ingila da Faransa suka fara nuna sha'awa da manufofin mamaye yankuna a Afirka ta Yamma, lamarin da ya zama barazana ga Daular Usmaniyya'', in ji Muhammad Bello Idris Umaru ya rasu a 1891.

Abd al-Rahman ɗan Abubakar Atiku I ne. Mulkinsa ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci a tarihin Sokoto, domin ya zo daidai da ƙarshen 'yancin siyasar daular.

A ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, ƙasashen Turai masu mulkin mallaka sun raba Afirka ta Yamma a cewar masanin tarihin.

Abd al-Rahman ya rasu a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1902.

Mulkin Muhammadu Attahiru I shi ne mafi ban tausayi da ban mamaki a tarihin Sokoto.

Ya hau karaga a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1902, lokacin da sojojin Birtaniya ƙarƙashin jagorancin Frederick Lugard ke tunkarar Sokoto, a cewar masanin.

Attahiru I ya ƙi mika wuya. A watan Maris na shekara ta 1903, sojojin Birtaniya suka ƙwace Sokoto.

Masanin tarihin ya ce Attahiru I ya yi hijira tare da mabiyansa, daga baya aka kashe shi a Yankin Burmi a watan Yuli 1903.

Bayan mamayar Ingila, Muhammadu Attahiru I aka naɗa shi a matsayin Sarkin Musulmi.

Muhammad Bello Idris ya ce wannan ya nuna babban sauyi, domin kafin 1903, Sarkin Musulmi shi ne shugaban daular Musulunci mai 'yanci, amma bayan mamayar Ingila, ya zama jagora a cikin tsarin mulkin mallaka''.

Attahiru II ya yi mulki a lokacin sauyin daga daular mai 'yanci zuwa tsarin mulkin mallaka. Ya rasu a 1915.

Muhammadu Maiturare ya hau sarauta a 1915. Kafin haka shi ne Marafa na Gwadabawa, kuma ya shahara da kwarewar mulki da soja, kamar yadda Farfesa ... ya bayyana.

Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kwantar da tarzoma a yankin Gwadabawa da arewacin Sokoto. Ya rasu a 1924.

Muhammadu Tambari ya gaji Maiturare a 1924. Mulkinsa ya ɗauki kusan shekaru 7.

A wannan lokaci, sarautar Sokoto ta zama ginanniyar cibiyar gargajiya a Arewacin Najeriya ƙarƙashin Turawan Ingila, in ji masanin tarihin.

Ya rasu a 1931.

Hassan ɗan Mu'azu ya hau sarauta a 1931. Ya fito daga reshen Bello. Mulkinsa ya ɗauki kusan shekaru bakwai.

Ya rasu a 1938, kuma mutuwarsa ta buɗe babi na mulkin da ya fi tsawo a tarihin Sokoto wato na Sultan Abubakar III.

Sarkin Musulmi Abubakar III shi ne ɗaya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci a tarihin zamani.

''Ya hau sarauta a 1938, ya zauna har zuwa rasuwarsa a 1988, kusan shekaru 50, wanda shi ne mafi tsawo a tarihin Sokoto'', in ji Muhammad Bello Idris.

Malamin jami'ar ya ce a lokacin mulkin mallaka, Abubakar III ya kasance jagoran Musulmi mai matuƙar tasiri, yana hulɗa da Turawa tare da kare muradun al'ummar Musulmi.

Ya ƙara da cewa zamaninsa ne aka kawo ƙarshen mulkin mallaka.

''Bayan samun 'yancin Najeriya, ya ci gaba da zama jagora na ƙasa baki ɗaya, ba na Sokoto kaɗai ba. Mulkinsa mai tsawon lokaci ya taimaka wajen tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali a Sokoto duk da rikice-rikicen siyasa'', in ji shi.

Ya rasu a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 1988.

Shi ne Sarkin Musulmi da ya fito daga zuriyar Buhari Buhari dan Shehu. Naɗinsa ya dan jawo cece-kuce. Magoya bayan Muhammadu Maccido sun yi imanin shi ne ya kamata ya gaji mahaifinsa. Ya yi sarauta tsawon shekaru takwas. Amma a 1996, gwamnatin mulkin soja ta Sani Abacha ta sauke shi daga sarauta.

Ɗan Abubakar III. Ya kwashe shekaru yana aikin gwamnati da siyasa kafin ya gaji mahaifinsa. Ya mayar da hankali kan haɗin kan Musulmi da zaman lafiya, da raya ilimin addini, da tattaunawa tsakanin addinai. Ya rasu a hatsarin jirgi a 2006 tare da ɗansa Badamasi Muhammadu Maccido.

Ɗan Abubakar III, ya fito da zuri'ar Muhammadu Bello. Yayi aikin soja kafin ya zama Sultan Musulmi, inda har ya kai matsayin Birgediya Janar. Ya hau karagar sarauta a watan Nuwamban 2006.

Su wa ke zaben Sarkin Musulmi?

Masanin ya ce, "wadanda ke da alhakin zaben sabon Sarkin Musulmi guda 11 ne da ake kira Sarakunan Karaga. Kuma cikinsu babu wani wanda kai-tsaye dan uwa ne ga Dan Fodiyo.

Sarakunan sun hada da:

Inda ikon Daular Sakkwato ya kai

Masanin tarihin Daular Usmaniyya, Muhammad Bello Idris, ya ce "ikon Daular Sakkwato ya bazu zuwa wani faɗaɗɗen yanki na Yammacin Afirka, musamman a sassan ƙasar Hausa da wasu yankunan da a yau suke cikin Najeriya da Nijar da Benin da Kamaru".

Bayan jihadin Shehu Usmanu Danfodiyo da waɗanda suka ci gaba da tafiyar da shi, an kafa dauloli da masarautu da dama waɗanda suka kasance ƙarƙashin daular ta Sakkwato.

Wadannan masarautun su ne, Kebbi da Zamfara da Katsina da Kano da Jigawa da Kaduna da Bauchi da Gombe da Yobe da Adamawa da Niger da Kwara da da kuma wasu sassan jihohin da ke kewaye da waɗannan yankuna.

A yammacin Sakkwato, ikon daular ya kai har zuwa Masarautar Gwandu, a gabas kuma, ikon daular ya yaɗu zuwa Bauchi da Gombe da Adamawa, yayin da a kudu ya kai yankunan Nupe da Ilori.

A wajen iyakokin Najeriya ta yau kuma, tasirin jihadin ya shiga wasu yankunan da suke cikin Jamhuriyar Nijar, musamman yankunan da ke kusa da iyakar arewacin Najeriya. Haka kuma, jihadin Shehu Usmanu Dan Fodiyo, a cewar Muhammad Bello Idris, ya yi tasiri a wasu sassan Jamhuriyar Benin da kuma Burkina Faso.

Saboda haka, Daular Sakkwato ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan daulolin Musulunci da suka taɓa samun faɗaɗɗen iko a Yammacin Afirka. Ba wai dukkan waɗannan yankuna ne suke ƙarƙashin ikon Sakkwato kai tsaye ba; wasu suna ƙarƙashin dauloli ko masarautun da aka kafa sakamakon jihadin, waɗanda suke da alaƙa da daular ta Sakkwato ta fuskar addini da siyasa.