An gano wata babbar illa da Maleriya ke yi wa ƙwaƙwalwar yara

Joseph Natembo yana ƙarami lokacin da ya yi fama da cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro wato maleriya kafin daga bisani ya warke. A lokacin, mahaifiyarsa Maria, mai shekaru 54, ta ɗauka cewa komai ya wuce.

Amma kuma bayan kusan shekaru 20, yaron nata mai kimanin shekaru 18 daga Uganda na shan wahala wajen fahimtar karatu, inda likitoci suka yi hasashen cewa hakan ya samo asali ne tun yana ƙarami.

Darasin lissafi ya fi ba shi wahala, inda ya ce lambobi na "rikitar" da shi, lamarin da ya sa aka maida shi ajin baya a makaranta. Mahaifiyarsa ta damu sosai kan makomarsa, tana tsoron hakan zai hana shi samun aiki a rayuwarsa.

Joseph na ɗaya daga cikin yara sama da 1,400 a Uganda da masana kan illar da cutar maleriya ke yi ga ɗabi'un yara suka bincika.

Wani sabon bincike da ƙungiyar likitoci ta Amurka (JAMA) ta wallafa ya nuna cewa halin da Joseph ke ciki, musamman game da rashin fahimtar darasin lissafi, abu ne da ya ke shafar yaran da suka yi fama da wasu cututtuka a yarinta.

Ɓoyayyen tabo

Cutar zazzabin cizon sauro na faruwa ne ta hanyar ƙwayoyin cuta da sauro ke yaɗawa, kuma har yanzu, ba a yi nazari sosai kan illolin da hakan ke yi kan karatun yaran da suka sha fama da cutar ba.

Amma wani nazari ya gano cewa yaran da suka yi fama da matsananciyar cutar maleriya, za su iya fuskantar matsala a ƙwaƙwalwa, wadda za ta iya shafar iliminsu ko da sun yi shekaru da warkewa.

Wannan illar "ɓoyayyen tabo" ne, in ji Farfesa Chandy John, shugaban binciken kuma farfesa a fannin ilimin yara a Jami'ar Indiana da ke Amurka.

"Ana iya ganin yaro na lamuran shi lafiya lau. Amma da zarar an yi gwaji sai a gacewa yana da wani raun a cikin kwakwalwa wanda ba zai bayyana ba sa a cikin aji," in ji shi.

Binciken wanda Dr Paul Bangirana, mataimakin farfesa a fannin ƙwaƙalwa na jami'ar Makerere da ke Kampala ya jagoranta a Uganda, ya bibiyi yaran da suka yi jinyar cutar zazzabin cizon sauro aƙalla sau biyu.

Sun bi yaran ne tun daga shekarar 2008, kuma binciken da aka yi a baya ya gano cewa wasu daga cikinsu sun nuna alamun rashin fahimta, da ke shafar tunaninsu da koyo, cikin shekaru ɗaya zuwa biyu na kamuwa da cutar maleriya mai tsanani.

Amma bincike na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa waɗannan tasirin na iya daɗewa.

An sake tantance yara 939, ciki har da wasu masu shekaru 15 bayan kamuwa da cutar maleriya ko kuma tsananin rashin lafiya da zazzabin cizon sauro ke haifarwa.

Zazzaɓin mai zafi daga cizon sauri ya fi tsanani. Yana faruwa ne lokacin da ƙwayoyin jini masu kamuwa da cuta suka shiga cikin ƙananan jijiyoyin jini a cikin kwakwalwa, su hana kwararar jini da haifar da kumburi.

Yana iya haifar da dogon suma, a wasu lokuta kum har a mutu. Matsanancin rashin lafiya, wanda ke faruwa a lokacin da jiki bai da isassun kwayoyin halitta, yana shafar yara miliyan biyu a kowace shekara, galibi a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara.

Ƙarancin kaifin basira

Binciken da aka yi, ya yi nazarin yara kan lissafi, karatu, natsuwa da kuma kaifin tunaninsu.

Bayanai sun nuna cewa, waɗanda suka yi fama da matsananciyar maleriya sun samu maki uku zuwa bakwai kan kaifin basira, wanda ya yi ƙasa idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda ba su taɓa ciwon ba.

"Ba lallai kowane yaro ya samu canji a ƙwaƙwalwarsu ba," in ji Dr Audrey John, shugabar Sashen Cututtuka a Asibitin Yara na Philadelphia, wadda ba ta shiga cikin binciken ba kuma ba ta da alaƙa da Dr Chandy John.

"Amma idan aka yi la'akari da ɗaruruwan yara, abin yana tasiri sosai."

Duk yadda aka sauyi a karatun yara, zai iya tasiri a damarmakin aiki da za su samu a rayuwarsu, da kuma ci gaban tattalin arzikin ƙasa.

"Kusan rabin yara a duniya suna zaune a inda cutar maleriya ta ke yaɗuwa, saboda haka rabin yaran duniya na cikin barazanar faɗawa wannan yanayin, in ji ta.

Sai dai lamarin bai cika shafar yanayin karatun yara ba.

"Lissafi na daga cikin abubuwan da ya kamata yara su ƙara dagewa a kai," in ji Chandy John.

"Saboda haka maleriya, na iya haifar da illa ga yara a lokacin da za su tafi kwaleji ko kuma matakin sakandare".

Shan wahala a makaranta

Kafin Joseph ya kwanta rashin lafiya, mahaifiyarsa Maria ta ce "yaro ne mai kazar-kazar da ke son yin wasa da ƴan'uwansa."

A lokacin da yake shekaru biyu da haihuwa a shekarar 2009, Joseph ya fara wani zazzaɓi mai tsanani tare da amai kafin daga bisani aka gano ya kamu da matsanciyar cutar cizon sauro.

Hankalin Maria ya tashi sosai, domin a tunaninta ba zai rayu ba a lokacin, saboda yawancin yaran da suka yi irin wannan rashin lafiyar ba su cika rayuwa ba.

Sai bayan shafe makonni a asibiti ne, Joseph ya warke.

A lokacin da ya kai shekaru bakwai kuma yana makarantar firamare, sai aka fara samun matsala.

"Bai yi ƙoƙari a darasin lissafi ba," in ji Maria. "Tarawa da ɗebewa - su ne manyan matsalar."

Joseph yana ganin wannan shi ya sa ba ya gane duk wani darasi da yake da lambobi irinsu Chemistry da Physics.

"Idan aka kwatanta da ƴan'uwansa da suke da ƙwazo, shi ba shi da shi," in ji ta.

Malamai na yawan kiran Maria daga makarantar Joseph, inda suke nuna damuwa kan ƙwazon ɗan nata. Duk da ta nemi wanda zai riƙa masa bitar karatu bayan makaranta, amma duk da haka abin ya ci tura.

"Ba ya ganewa... hankalinsa ba ya wajen," in ji ta.

Wasu daga cikin ƴan'uwansa za su shiga jami'a, amma Maria ta ce ba lallai Joseph ya tafi ba.

Duk da hakan, Joseph ya ce yana da burin fara kasuwancin sayar da kayan motoci idan ya gama makaranta.

Har yanzu masana sun kasa gano yadda cutar maleriya ko zazzaɓi mai tsanani ke shafar ƙwaƙwalwar yara.

Bincike bai bayyana ƙarara cewa maleriya na haifar da illa ga ƙwaƙwalwa ba. Sai dai ya bayyana cewa akwai alaƙa mai ƙarfi da ke shafar ƙwazon karatun yara sakamakon cutar.

A bincike na gaba, suna sa ran yin binciken ƙwaƙwalwa na MRI domin tabbatar da yadda cutar ke shafar wani sashi na ƙwaƙwalwar.

Binciken da aka yi a baya ya nuna cewa zazzabin cizon sauro mai tsanani na iya haifar da shanyewar wani ɓrin jiki, matsalar gani da sauransu.

Matsalar da ta addabi duniya

A shekarar 2024, cutar zazzabin cizon sauro ta kama kimanin mutane miliyan 282 da kuma sanadin mutuwar mutane 610,000 a duniya, sama da 598,000 da suka kamu shekarar 2023, a cewar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO).

An fi samun mutuwar tsakanin ƙananan yara a Afrika.

Duk da yake an sami ci gaba wajen rage yawan mace-macen a duniya tun daga shiga ƙarnin da muke ciki, an daina samun ci gaba a 'yan shekarun nan.

Yayin da ƙasashe 47 aka tabbatar da cewa sun kawar da maleriya - ciki har da Habasha, da Madagaska, da Afghanistan, da Yemen - ana ci gaba da samun ɓullar cutar.

WHO ta danganta sake ɓullar cutar na ƙaruwa ne saboda sauyin yanayi, wanda ya haifar da yanayi mai zafi da damshi, abin da ke ƙara jawo sauro tare da yaɗuwar cututtuka zuwa wuraren da a baya ba su da wannan matsala ba.

Ƙaruwar rashin tasirin maganin da ake amfani da su don magance cutar maleriya da kashe ƙwayoyin cuta da kuma rage tallafin da ake yi a duniya na taka rawa wajen yaɗuwarta, in ji WHO.

Yayin da ake samun yaɗuwar cutar maleriya a wasu yankuna, masana sun yi gargaɗin cewa lamarin zai iya ƙara yaɗuwa zuwa yankunan da ba su da irin waɗannan cututtukan.

"Ƙananan yara da matasa sun fi kamuwa da cutar maleriya a nahiyar gabashin Asiya," in ji Chandy John.

Mene ne mataki na gaba?

An gabatar da allurar rigakafin cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro guda biyu, da suka haɗa da na RTS,S, da nufin daƙile munanan nau'ikan cutar a ƙananan yara a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara.

Zuwa watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2025, an raba sama da allurai miliyan 40 zuwa ƙasashen Afirka 24, a cewar UNICEF.

"Abin farin ciki ne yadda ake samun kariya daga waɗannan cututtuka da kumja ceto rayukan ƙananan yara," in ji Audrey John.

"Amma hakan bai wadatar ba, ba za mu dakata a hakan ba. Akwai buƙatar mu ƙara zage damtse wajen ganin an ceto miliyoyin mutanen da suka kamu da cutar."