Shugabannin ƙasa 10 da aka kashe suna kan mulki a Afrika

Patrice Lumumba, Thomas Sankara, Anwar Sadat, Melchior Ndadaye na daga cikin jerin shugabannin Afirka, waɗanda aka kashe ta hanyar harbi a lokacin da suke kan mulki.

Wasu daga cikin waɗannan kisan ba wai kawai rikicin cikin gida ne ko neman iko suka haifar da su ba. A wasu lokuta, ana danganta waɗannan abubuwan da rikice-rikicen siyasa masu sarƙaƙiya da suka shafi wasu masu ruwa da tsaki daga cikin gida da kuma ƙasashen waje.

A wannan labarin, BBC ta waiwayi yadda aka kashe wasu shugabannin ƙasashen Afrika 10 suna kan mulki, da suka ɗaukar hankali a tarihin nahiyar.

1- Patrice Lumumba, 17 ga Junairu, 1961 (DR Congo)

Kisan Patrice Lumumba a shekarar 1961 a Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo na daga cikin abubuwan da ba za a manta da su ba a tarihin Afirka.

An naɗa Lumumba a matsayin Firaminista bayan jam'iyyarsa ta Congolese National Movement (MNC) ta yi nasara a zaɓen watan Mayun 1960. Bayan makonni kaɗan, a ranar 30 ga Yunin 1960, ya yi wasu kalamai a yayin bikin ayyana ƴancin kan Kongo daga mulkin mallakar Belgium.

A wannan rana, Lumumba ya yi kakkausar suka ga Sarki Baudouin na Belgium, domin nuna takaicinsa da yabawa da abin da kakansa, Leopold II, ya yi a lokacin mulkin mallakar Kongo.

"Mun yi fama baƙin ciki, cin mutunci da azaba duka ba dare ba rana saboda kawai mu baƙaƙe ne," in ji Lumumba.

An kalli wannan jawabi a matsayin kakkausan suka ga mulkin mallakar Belgium, lamarin da ya ƙara haifar da tashin hankali tsakanin sabuwar gwamnatin Kongo da tsohuwar ƙasar da ta yi mata mulkin mallaka.

A matsayinsa na jagoran sabuwar ƙasar da ta samu ƴancin kai, abokan hamayyarsa sun kuma zarge shi da ƙoƙarin kusantar Kongo da ƙungiyar ƙasashen Tarayyar Soviet, a lokacin da ake tsaka da Yaƙin Cacar Baki. Hakan ya janyo damuwa daga ƙasashen Yammacin duniya, musamman Amurka.

A cikin ƙasar kuma, Kongo na fama da rikice-rikicen siyasa, musamman ballewar yankin Katanga. Shugabannin wannan fafutuka sun yi tsananin adawa da Lumumba. A ranar 5 ga Satumban 1960, Shugaban Kongo, Joseph Kasa-Vubu, ya kori Lumumba daga muƙaminsa na Firaminista.

Daga bisani aka tsare Lumumba a gidansa, amma ya samu damar tserewa, inda ya yi ƙoƙarin isa Stanleyville, wadda ta kasance cibiyar da yake samun goyon bayan siyasa.

Sai dai sojojin Mobutu sun cafke shi tare da miƙa shi ga hukumomin Katanga.

A ranar 17 ga Janairun 1961, aka azabtar da Lumumba sannan aka kashe shi ta hanyar harbin bindiga.

Bayan kisan nasa, an lalata gawarsa da sinadarin acid domin shafe duk wata alama da za ta iya kaiwa ga gano inda aka binne shi. Tsawon shekaru, haƙori ɗaya ne kawai ya rage a matsayin abin tunawa da gawarsa, bayan wani ɗan sandan Belgium da aka yi aikin lalata gawar da shi ya boye.

Daga bisani aka mayar da haƙorin ga iyalansa da Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo.

Belgium da Amurka, musamman hukumar leƙen asirin Amurka CIA, sun dade suna fuskantar zarge-zarge da bincike kan rawar da suka taka wajen kisan Lumumba.

2- Sylvanus Olympio – 13 ga Janairu, 1963 (Togo)

Ana kallon Sylvanus Olympio a matsayin jagoran ƴancin Togo. Kafin ya zama shugaban ƙasa, ya riƙe wasu muƙaman minista, sannan ya zama Firaminista a shekarar 1958. Bayan ayyana ƴancin kan Togo a ranar 27 ga Afrilun 1960, Olympio ya zama shugaban ƙasar na farko.

A lokacin da yake shugaban ƙasa, abokan hamayyarsa sun zarge shi da mulkin kama-karya. Wasu masu sharhi kuma sun bayyana shi a matsayin wanda ke ƙoƙarin nisantar da Togo daga Faransa.

Rahotanni sun nuna cewa Olympio yana da burin ƙirƙirar kuɗin ƙasa na Togo tare da ficewa daga tsarin kuɗin CFA franc, wanda ke da alaƙa da Faransa.

A daren 12 zuwa 13 ga Janairun 1963, wasu sojoji suka mamaye muhimman cibiyoyin gwamnati.

Olympio ya yi ƙoƙarin fakewa a ofishin jakadancin Amurka da ke kusa da fadar shugaban ƙasa. Sai dai masu tayar da ƙayar bayan sun gano inda yake, suka kama shi, sannan suka kashe shi a ranar 13 ga Janairun 1963.

Bayan kisan nasa, Nicolas Grunitzky, wanda ya kasance abokin hamayyarsa na siyasa kuma surukin marigayin shugaban ƙasar, ya dawo daga gudun hijira ya karɓi shugabancin Togo. Sai dai mulkinsa bai daɗe ba.

A shekarar 1967, an hambarar da Grunitzky a wani juyin mulki da Gnassingbé Eyadéma ya jagoranta.

An daɗe ana danganta Eyadéma da harbin da ya kashe Sylvanus Olympio, kafin daga bisani ya musanta wannan bayani.

Eyadéma ya mulki Togo na kusan shekaru 38, har zuwa lokacin da ya rasu a watan Fabrairun 2005.

Bayan rasuwarsa, ɗansa, Faure Gnassingbé, ya karɓi shugabancin ƙasar.

3- Murtala Mohammed – 13 ga Fabrairu, 1976 (Najeriya)

Janar Murtala Mohammed tsohon shugaban mulkin sojan Najeriya ne, kuma na huɗu a tarihin ƙasar.

Jami'in sojan Najeriya ne, kuma ya jagoranci juyin mulkin soja na 1966 da ya hambarar da gwamnatin Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi. Ya kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa a Yaƙin Basasar Najeriya, kafin ya zama shugaban ƙasa a ranar 29 ga Yulin 1975.

A ranar 13 ga wata Fabrairun 1976, yayin da yake kan hanyarsa ta zuwa ofishinsa da ke barikin sojoji a Legas, aka kashe Murtala Mohammed bayan wasu sojoji ƙarƙashin jagorancin Kanal Buka Suka Dimka sun yi wa ayarin motocinsa kwanton ɓauna a wani yunƙurin juyin mulki da daga bisani bai yi nasara ba.

A yanzu an sanya wa filin jirgin sama na ƙasa da ƙasa da ke Legas sunansa. Haka kuma, an kafa wani abin tunawa a wurin da aka kashe shi.

Sai dai da dama daga cikin mazauna Legas da ke wucewa ta wurin wannan abin tunawa ba su san tarihin yadda aka kashe shi ba.

4- Anwar El-Sadat – 6 ga Oktoba, 1981 (Masar)

Kisan Anwar Sadat ya haifar da murna a wasu manyan biranen ƙasashen Larabawa.

Sadat shi ne shugaban ƙasar Larabawa na farko da ya kai ziyara Isra'ila tare da yin jawabi a gaban Knesset, majalisar dokokin Isra'ila. Haka kuma shi ne ya jagoranci Masar a yaƙin Yom Kippur na 1973, lokacin da sojojin Masar suka kai farmakin mayar da martani kan sojojin Isra'ila da suka mamaye yankin Sinai tun bayan yaƙin kwanaki shida na 1967.

A shekarar 1978, Sadat ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar Camp David, wadda ta share fagen samar da zaman lafiya tsakanin Masar da Isra'ila.

A ranar 6 ga Oktoban 1981, an kashe Sadat yayin wani faretin sojoji. Wasu sojoji ne suka fito daga wata mota a tsakiyar faretin, suka jefa gurneti domin tayar da hargitsi, sannan suka buɗe wuta kan wurin da manyan jami'ai suke zaune.

Sadat ya samu munanan raunuka, aka garzaya da shi asibiti, inda ya mutu bayan sa'o'i biyu sakamakon raunukan.

An zargi Ƙungiyar 'Yan Uwa Musulmi da hannu a harin. Daya daga cikin fitattun mutanenta, Omar Abdel Rahman, ya bayar da fatawar kiran a kashe Sadat, bayan masu sukar shugaban sun zarge shi da cin amanar ƙasashen Larabawa da Falasɗinawa saboda rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta daban da Isra'ila.

Sai dai Sadat yana da abokan gaba da dama. A watan Satumban 1981, makonni kaɗan kafin kashe shi, ya ƙaddamar da gagarumin matakin murƙushe abokan hamayyarsa na siyasa, ƴan gurguzu, masu ra'ayin Islama, mambobin Ƙungiyar 'Yan Uwa Musulmi da kuma wasu masana.

5- Thomas Sankara, 15 ga Oktoba, 1987 (Burkina Faso)

Kamar Lumumba, shi ma Thomas Sankara ya kasance shahararren ɗan kishin ƙasa, mai ra'ayin haɗin kan Afirka da kuma adawa da mulkin mallaka a Burkina Faso da sauran ƙasashen Afirka masu amfani da harshen Faransanci.

Ya hau mulki a shekarar 1983, amma aka kashe shi a ranar 15 ga Oktoba, 1987.

Jerin abubuwan da ofishin mai gabatar da ƙara na Burkina Faso ya tattara a lokacin shari'ar waɗanda suke da hannu a juyin mulkin na zubar da jini tsakanin Oktoban 2021 da Afrilun 2022, Thomas Sankara ya nufi Majalisar Entente, hedikwatar Majalisar Juyin Juya Halin Ƙasa, da misalin ƙarfe 4:20 na yamma ranar 15 ga Oktoba, 1987.

Da ya shiga ɗakin taron, "masu kashe shi sun riga sun isa wurin," in ji ofishin mai gabatar da ƙarar.

Ƙungiyar da aka tura domin kashe shi ta harbe masu tsaron lafiyarsa, sannan ta raba mutanen da ke wurin gida biyu. Daga nan ne suka umarci Shugaba Sankara da abokan aikinsa su fito daga ɗakin, inda aka harbe su ɗaya bayan ɗaya.

A wannan rana ne duniya ta samu labarin juyin mulkin, sannan aka gano cewa wanda ke bayansa ba kowa ba ne face "abokinsa kuma ɗan'uwansa" wato Blaise Compaoré.

Mutuwarsa ta sauya alƙiblar siyasa da tattalin arzikin ƙasar. Sai dai ta kuma tabbatar da cewa sunansa ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin tarihin Afirka.

Har zuwa yau, matasan Afirka da dama na kallon Thomas Sankara a matsayin abin koyi, musamman saboda gwagwarmayarsa da abin da ya kira mulkin mallakar ƙasashen Yamma.

6- Mohamed Boudiaf, 29 ga Yuni, 1992 (Aljeriya)

Mohamed Boudiaf shi ne tsohon shugaban babbar Majalisar Ƙasa ta Aljeriya, wato gwamnatin riƙon ƙwarya. Ya karɓi ragamar mulki a watan Janairun 1992, bayan da sojojin ƙasar suka dakatar da tsarin zaɓe.

A zagayen farko na zaɓen ƴan majalisar dokoki da aka gudanar a Aljeriya a watan Disamban 1991, Islamic Salvation Front (ISF), wata jam'iyyar masu ra'ayin Islama, ta samu gagarumar nasara kan sauran jam'iyyun siyasar ƙasar.

Yayin da ake ganin ISF za ta yi nasara sosai a zagaye na biyu da aka shirya gudanarwa a ranar 16 ga Janairun 1992, sojojin ƙasar suka dakatar da zaɓen tare da kafa gwamnatin riƙon ƙwarya na tsawon shekaru biyu, domin jagorantar ƙasar da kuma hana masu ra'ayin Islama karɓar mulki.

Mohamed Boudiaf ya amince da wannan mataki, inda aka ba shi ikon riƙon ƙwarya na jagorantar gwamnati a ranar 16 ga Janairun 1992.

Bayan ƴan watanni, ya kai ziyara birnin Annaba, inda zai gabatar da wani muhimmin jawabi. Yayin da ake watsa jawabin kai tsaye ta talabijin, sai aka katse shi bayan an jefa gurneti, sannan aka fara harbe-harbe.

Wani ƙaramin jami'in soja, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin mai ra'ayin Islama, ya buɗe wa shugaban wuta da bindigar da ake amfani da ita wajen harbin mutane da yawa. Nan take aka kama maharin.

Sai dai bai bayyana dalilin da ya sa ya kai harin ba, ko kuma wanda ya ba shi umarnin yin hakan.

Mohamed Boudiaf bai tsira daga harin ba.

7- Melchior Ndadaye, 21 ga Oktoba, 1993 (Burundi)

Tsohon shugaban Burundi, Melchior Ndadaye, ya shafe kwanaki 102 ne kacal a matsayin shugaban ƙasar.

A watan Yulin 1993, ya zama shugaban Burundi na farko da aka zaɓa ta hanyar zaɓen dimokraɗiyya, bayan da ya samu sama da kashi 64 cikin 100 na ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa. Babban abokin hamayyarsa, shugaban ƙasar mai ci a lokacin, Pierre Buyoya, ya samu kashi 32.47.

Sa'o'i kaɗan kafin a kashe shi a ranar 21 ga Oktoba, 1993, jita-jitar juyin mulki ta bazu a Bujumbura, har maganar ta kai ga mutanen shugaban, waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙarin tabbatar da tushen labarin amma suka kasa.

A ranar 20 ga Oktoba, shugaban leƙen asirin rundunar Jandarma ya sanar da shugabanninsa ana ta yaɗa jitajitar juyin mulkin.

A daren 20 zuwa 21 ga Oktoba, wasu rundunonin soji suka ƙaddamar da juyin mulki tare da kewaye fadar shugaban ƙasa da ke Bujumbura.

Jami'an tsaron Melchior Ndadaye sun ɗauke shi tare da iyalinsa da wasu daga cikin amintattunsa zuwa wani sansanin soji.

Sai dai shugabannin juyin mulkin suka bi sawunsu, suka gano inda suke kafin daga bisani su kashe shugaban da wasu makusantansa cikin mummunan yanayi a ranar 21 ga Oktoba.

8- Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara, 9 ga Afrilu, 1999 (Nijar)

A ranar 9 ga Afrilu, 1999, aka harbe shugaban Nijar Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara har lahira. Fiye da shekaru 20 bayan faruwar lamarin, har yanzu ba a fayyace ainihin yadda aka kashe shi ba.

Abin da aka tabbatar shi ne, wasu jami'an tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasar ne suka harbe shi. A lokacin, rundunar tsaron na ƙarƙashin jagorancin Daouda Mallam Wanké, wanda daga baya ya karɓi mulki bayan juyin mulkin.

A cewar wasu bayanai, sojojin da suka yi tawaye sun yi wa Shugaba Maïnassara kwanton ɓauna tare da kashe shi yayin da yake ƙoƙarin barin ƙasar.

Hukumomin sojin Nijar sun bayyana mutuwarsa a matsayin "haɗari mai muni".

Bayan rahoton Amnesty International da ya nuna shakku kan yadda aka kashe shugaban, Daouda Mallam Wanké, wanda a lokacin yake jagorantar gwamnatin mulkin soji, ya ce sojojin ba su yi niyyar kashe Shugaba Baré ba, inda ya ce sun so kawai su "kama shi" ne.

Daouda Mallam Wanké ya mutu a shekarar 2004. A lokacin da yake mulki, ya yi amfani da dokar afuwa ga waɗanda suke da hannu a juyin mulkin.

9- Laurent Désiré Kabila, 16 ga Janairu, 2001 (DRC)

Shi ne mutumin da ya hambarar da Mobutu Sese Seko daga mulkin Kongo.

An kashe Laurent-Désiré Kabila ne a ranar 16 ga watan Janairu, 2001. Har yau, ana ci gaba da tambayoyi da dama kan ainihin abin da ya faru da shi.

Sai dai an tabbatar da cewa an harbe Laurent-Désiré Kabila a ofishinsa da ke fadar shugaban ƙasa, inda wani jami'in tsaron da ke kula da lafiyarsa ya harbe shi.

Maharbin, Rachidi Mizele, tsohon ɗan sojan yara ne da ya shiga ƙungiyar Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo-Zaire (AFDL), ƙungiyar ƴan tawaye da ta kawo Kabila kan mulki bayan nasarar da ta samu a yaƙin da ta kai Kinshasa.

Daga bisani, Eddy Kapend, wani kanal da ke kusa da shugaban, ya kashe Rachidi Mizele.

Yayin da jita-jita kan mutuwar Kabila ta bazu, hukumomi sun yi ƙoƙarin ɓoye lamarin, kafin daga bisani su sanar a hukumance a ranar 18 ga Janairu cewa "Mzee", wato "Mai Hikima", ya rasu.

Wata hukumar bincike ta ƙasa da ƙasa ta tattara cewa akwai wata maƙarƙashiya da ta shafi wasu ƙasashen da ke maƙwabtaka da DRC, da kuma wasu makusantan tsohon shugaban ƴan tawayen da ya kawo ƙarshen mulkin Mobutu Sese Seko na tsawon shekaru.

An samu mutane da dama da laifin hannu a cikin wannan maƙarƙashiya a wata shari'a, wadda ba ta amsa da dukkan tambayoyin da suka dabaibaye kisan shugaban ba.

10- João Bernardo "Nino" Vieira, 2 ga Maris, 2009 (Guinea-Bissau)

João Bernardo "Nino" Vieira, yana da shekaru 69 a lokacin da aka kashe shi kuma shi ne shugaban Guinea-Bissau da ke kan mulki. Tsohon ɗan gwagwarmaya, kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a fafutukar neman ƴancin ƙasar, inda ya shugabanci ƙasar a lokuta daban-daban na kusan shekaru 23.

An hamɓarar da gwamnatinsa a wani juyin mulki a shekarar 1998, sannan ya yi gudun hijira zuwa Portugal har zuwa shekarar 2005. Daga nan ya koma kan mulki bayan hambarar da magajinsa, Kumba Yala, wanda aka zaɓa ta hanyar dimokraɗiyya kafin daga bisani shi ma aka hamɓarar da shi a wani juyin mulki.

A lokacin, siyasar ƙasar na fama da rikici mai tsanani tsakanin Shugaba Vieira da shugaban hafsan sojin ƙasar, Janar Batista Tagme, musamman kan batun yaƙi da ƙungiyoyin safarar miyagun ƙwayoyi da ke amfani da Guinea-Bissau a matsayin hanyar jigilar ƙwayoyin.

A ranar 1 ga Maris, 2009, Janar Batista Tagme Na Waie ya mutu sakamakon wani fashewar bam a hedikwatar sojin ƙasar.

Bayan sa'o'i kaɗan, wasu sojoji masu biyayya ga shugaban hafsan sojin suka kai hari kan fadar shugaban ƙasa da sanyin safiyar 2 ga Maris.

Nino Vieira, wanda ya zaɓi ya ci gaba da zama a fadar yayin da matarsa da ƴaƴansa suka nemi mafaka a ofishin jakadancin Angola, maharan sun far masa da adduna kafin su harbe shi har lahira.

Daga baya, rundunar sojin ƙasar ta ce wasu sojoji ne suka shirya kuma suka aiwatar da kisan da kansu.