Ethiopia: Ibizwi ku mirwi y'inyeshamba yatangaje ko yishyize hamwe mu runani rwo gusenyura reta ya Abiy Ahmed

Muri Ethiopia, haherutse gutangazwa ishingwa ry'ihuriro ryiswe "Cooperation for Survival", rifise intumbero yo gukura ku butegetsi reta iyobowe n'umushikiranganji wa mbere w'ico gihugu, Abiy Ahmed.

Uretse itangazo ryatanzwe na Zemene Kassie, bivugwa ko ari we yahuje iyo mirwi kandi akaba n'umuyobozi wa Amhara Fano, imiiwi igize iryo huriro yose ihurira ku ntumbero yo gukura reta iriho ku butegetsi no gushinga "reta mfatakibanza ihurikiyemwo bose, iyobowe n'amasezerano mfatakibanza",

Nk'uko biri muri iryo tangazo, Sabatu ni umwe mu mirwi ikorera mu turere dutandukanye twa Ethiopia igize ihuriro "Cooperation for Survival".

Iyo mirwi ni Amhara Fano National Movement (AFAMN), Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF), Oromo Liberation Army (OLF), Ogaden National Liberation Front (ONLF), Afar National Unity Revolutionary Front, Benishangul People's Liberation Movement, hamwe na Gumuz People's Democratic Movement.

Iyo mirwi y'inyeshamba yari isanzwe itarabana ryiza, ubu bivugwa ko yishize hamwe mu runani canke ihuriro riimwe. Ariko ntibiratomoka neza ingene yatoreye umuti ukutumvikana kwari hagati yayo imbere y'aho, n'ingene yashitse ku mwumvikano.

None kahise k'iyo mirwi y'inyeshamba imaze igihe ifise uruhara mu turere twa Tigray, Amhara, Afar, Oromia, Somali na Benishangul, ni akahe?

Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF)

Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) ni umwe mu mirwi ya kera cane yagize uruhara muri poritike ya Ethiopia, ukaba umaze imyaka irenga 50 ukora muri poritike y'ico gihugu.

Bivugwa ko watangujwe n'abantu indwi, bishize hamwe baja mu bugaragwa bwa Dedebit kugira ngo barwanye ubutegetsi bwa gisirikare bwa Derg.

Inyuma y'imyaka 17 y'urugamba rwa gisirikare, TPLF yarifatanije n'iyindi mihari yo mu yandi moko, bashinga urunani rwiswe Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) mu 1988 kugira ngo basenyure ubutegetsi bwa gisirikare, maze baza gufata ubutegetsi mu 1991.

Kuva ico gihe, EPRDF yaragize uruhara rukomeye muri poritike ya Ethiopia, kuko yari ihuriro ry'imirwi ine yubatse urunani rw'intamenwa, TPLF ikaba yari imwe mu nkingi zari zirugize.

TPLF yatakaje ubwiganze muri EPRDF inyuma y'impinduka z'uburongozi z'uru runani mu 2018, igihe Abiy yashika ku butegetsi. Uru runani rwagiye gusenyuka mu 2019 rusubirirwa n'umugambwe, ariko TPLF ntiyinjiye muri uwo mugambwe, ica itakaza ubwiganze yari ifise muri reta nkuru y'igihugu, uca ubandanya ukora ukwawo mu ntara ya Tigray.

Hahavuye haduka icuka kibi hagati ya TPLF n'umushikiranganji wa mbere Abiy Ahmed, icuka cagiye cadukamwo imishamirani ya gisirikare. Muri Munyonyo (11) 2020, haradutse intambara muri Tigray hagati y'ingabo za TPLF n'ingabo za reta y'igihugu.

Inyuma y'aho, reta ya Ethiopia yatangaje TPLF nk'umurwi w'iterabwoba, kandi ko ari umurwi udakurikije amategeko.

Naho TPLF yakuwe ku rutonde rw'imirwi y'iterabwoba inyuma y'Amasezerano ya Pretoria muri Munyonyo 2022 yarangije intambara, ivyerekeye ukubaho kwayo mu nzira y'amategeko biracari ikibazo kitumvikanwako.

TPLF yatakaje uburenganzira bwayo ihabwa n'amategeko muri Rusama (5) 2025 inyuma y'uko umurwi ujejwe amatora wanse ubusabe bwayo bwo gusubira kwiyandikisha.

Ariko nubwo TPLF itari ikiri umugambwe wemewe n'amategeko, intwaro mfatakibanza yari yashinzwe na reta nkuru kugira ngo irongore intara ra Tigray, yagumye irongowe n'abarongozi bakuru b'uyo murwi.

Ariko mu kwa gatanu kw'umwaka uheze, TPLF yasenyuye iyo ntwaro mfatakibanza yari yashinzwe na reta nkuru, maze ifata ubutegetsi muri iyo ntara, ivyatumye haduka imishamirano hagati yayo na reta nkuru imaze igihe kitari gito.

TPLF, iyobowe na Dr Debretsion Gebremichael, mu mezi aheze yagiye itangaza ko iriko iritegurira gusenyura reta irongoye igihugu, ubu ikaba yifatanije n'iyindi mirwi y'inyeshamba kugira ngo ishike kuri iyo ntego.

Oromo Liberation Army

Oromo Liberation Army (OLA) ni umurwi w'inyeshamba ukorera mu ntara ya Oromia, wiyonkoye kuri Oromo Liberation Front (OLF), umugambwe wa politike w'Aba Oromo ushimikiye ku kwikukira kwabo, washinzwe mu 1973, kandi ukaba uri mu mirwi ya mbere ya poritike y'Aba-Oromo yubatse neza.

OLF yatanguje urugamba rwitwaje ibirwanisho mu gihe c'ubutegetsi bwa gisirikare bwa Derg.

Mu myaka ya nyuma y'ubutegetsi bwa Derg, OLF yagiraniye ubucuti n'umurwi wa Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF), yongera iguma ifitaniye imigenderanire n'umurwi wa Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF), wariko urarwanira ukwikukira kwa Eritrea. Ubutegetsi bwa Derg busenyutse mu 1991, OLF yaragize uruhara muri poritike, iri kumwe na TPLF n'iyindi mihari ya poritike, mu gushinga reta mfatakibanza ya Ethiopia.

Uko amatora ya mbere yabaye muri Ethiopia inyuma y'itembagazwa ry'ubutegetsi bwa Derg yegereza, amatati n'ukutumvikana hagati ya OLF na reta yari yiganziwe na TPLF vyariyongereye. Abanywanyi n'abashigikiye OLF barafashwe barapfungwa, mu gihe bamwe mu barongozi n'abandi banywanyi b'uwo murwi bahunze igihugu. Mu nyuma, OLF yasubiye gufata ibirwanisho rwo kurwanya reta.

Igihe OLF yari mu buhungiro kandi iri mu ntambara ya gisirikare, abategetsi bayo bagiye bacanamwo kenshi, bituma bamwe mu ndongozi zayo bivumbura maze bashinga iyindi mirwi.

OLF, yari irongowe na Dawud Ibsa, yari imaze igihe ikorera ahanini mu buhungiro, harimwo no muri Eritrea. Inyuma y'uko umushikiranganji wa mbere Abiy Ahmed ashikiye ku butegetsi, agatanguza impinduka za poritike mu 2018, reta ya Ethiopia yarashitse ku mwumvikano na OLF wo guhagarika intambara no kwemerera abarongozi b'uwo muhari hamwe n'abarwanyi bawo gusubira muri Ethiopia.

Dawud Ibsa hamwe n'abandi barongozi ba OLF basubiye i Addis Abeba muri Nyakanga (9) 2018, haca hakurikira abarwanyi ba OLF bari muri Eritrea, na bo basubira muri Ethiopia.

Ariko rero, ukutumvikana ku mugambi wo gusubiza ibirwanisho OLF imaze gusubira muri Ethiopia, kwatumye haba ukwigabura hagati y'urwego rwa poritike rwa OLF n'igice c'icahoze ari ishami rya gisirikare. Uwo murwi wiyonkoye waje kwitwa Oromo Liberation Army (OLA), mu gihe abategetsi ba Ethiopia na bo bawita OLF-Shene canke Shene. OLA yarabandanije intambara yayo yo kurwanya reta ya Ethiopia.

Mu gihe c'intambara yo muri Tigray, muri Myandagaro (8) 2021, OLA, yari iyobowe na Kumsa Diriba, azwi kandi kw'izina rya Jaal Marroo, yatangaje ko yagiranye amasezerano ya gisirikare na Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF). Intumbero yatangajwe yari iyo gusenyura reta nkuru.

Reta ya Ethiopia yagiriza OLA ko yagize uruhara mu bitero vyagabwe ku basivire no ku bategetsi ba reta, canecane mu turere two mu burengero bwa Oromia, harimwo n'akarere ka Wollega.

Reta kandi yagirije abarwanyi ba OLA gukora ibitero ku basivire no ku bategetsi bo mu nzego zo hasi no gukora ibindi bikorwa vy'ubwicanyi n'ubugizi bwa nabi mu turere twa Oromia, harimwo n'uduce duhana imbibe n'intara ya Amhara.

OLA yamye ihakana ibirego vy'uko itera abasivire.

Amhara Fano National Movement (AFNM)

Fano ni ijambo ryo mu rurimi rw'iki-Amharic ryagiye rikoreshwa kuva kera mu kuvuga abantu bitabiriye urugamba barwanira ukuri. Iryo jambo rifise kahise karekare muri Ethiopia, rikaba ryamenyekanye cane mu gihe c'ubutegetsi bwa Haile Selassie aho abakorerabushake bifatanya na we mu kurwanya ubutegetsi bw'Abataliyano mu myaka ya 1930.

Mu bihe vya vuba, iryo jambo ryarushirije gukoreshwa mu kuvuga urwaruka rw'Aba-Amhara n'imirwi y'abaharanira inyungu z'Aba-Amhara, cane cane mu myiyerekano n'akajagari vyabaye mu myaka ya 2010.

Mu gihe c'intambara yo muri Tigray, abarwanyi ba Fano hamwe n'abasirikare badasanzwe bo mu ntara ya Amhara bararwaniye hamwe n'ingabo za Reta nkuru, barwanya ingabo z'abarwanyi ba Tigray.

Ariko umurwi wa Fano uriho ubu watanguye kwigaragaza ku mugaragaro inyuma y'uko intambara yo muri Tigray irangiye, maze reta nkuru igafata ingingo yo kwaka ibirwanisho ingabo zidasanzwe z'intara kugira ngo zinjizwe mu zindi nzego zijejwe umutekano.

Inyuma yo kurwana ku ruhande rwa reta nkuru mu ntambara yariko ibera mu buraruko bwa Ethiopia irwanya ingabo za Tigray, uwo murwi winjiye mw'ishamba mu kwiyamiriza ingingo ya reta yo kuwaka ibirwanisho, uvuga ko iyo ngingo yawushize "mu kaga ko kubura ubushobozi bwo kwikingira".

Muri ico gihe kandi, haravuzwe ko abanywanyi benshi b'ingabo zidasanzwe z'intara ya Amhara bari banse kwubahiriza itegeko ryo gusubiza ibirwanisho baciye bifatanya n'umurwi wa Fano.

Imirwi y'aba-Fano iri mu turere dutandukanye twa Amhara, kandi gushika ubu bwa vuba, buri murwi wakora ukwawo. Utwigoro two guhuza iyo mirwi yose ngo ibe munsi y'ubuyobozi bumwe twagiye duhura n'ukutumvikana gukomeye hagati y'abarongozi bayo.

Ariko, imirwi y'aba-Fano izwi ku mazina ya Gojjam, Wollo, Gondar na Shewa Fano iherutse gutangaza ko yashinze umurwi umwe witwa Amhara Fano National Movement (AFNM).

Zemene Kassie, umwe mu barongozi ba Fano bazwi cane bo mu karere ka Gojjam, ni we yabaye umukuru w'iri huriro rishasha, kandi ni na we yahamagariye kandi ahuza iyo mirwi muri iryo huriro.

Ogaden National Liberation Front (ONLF)

Ogaden National Liberation Front (ONLF) yamaze imyaka irenga 30 iri mu ntambara mu buseruko bwa Ethiopia.

ONLF, umwe mu mirwi y'inyeshyamba irwanira ukwitandukanya na Ethiopia, yashinzwe mu 1984.

Uwo murwi umaze igihe mu rugamba rwa poritike n'urwa gisirikare urwanira uburenganzira bwo kwifatira ingingo ku banyagihugu b'aba Somali baba mu buseruko bwa Ethiopia, abo nawo wita abanyagihugu ba Ogaden.

Uwo murwi warashizwe ku rutonde rwa reta ya Ethiopia rw'imirwi y'iterabwoba, ariko wakuwe kuri urwo rutonde igihe umushikiranganji wa mbere Abiy yashika ku butegetsi.

ONLF yarasubiye mu gihugu inyuma yo kuvavanura n'ibikorwa vy'intambara, maze yinjira muri poritike y'amahoro.

ONLF yifatanije n'umugambwe witwa Ethiopian Somali Democratic League (ESDL) hamwe n'iyindi migambwe y'Abasomali, maze bafatanya gushinga umugambwe Somali People's Democratic Party (SPDP).

Ariko kubera ukutumvikana kwadutse muri uwo mugambwe, bamwe mu banywanyi bagumye mu gihugu, mu gihe abandi basubiye mu buhungiro maze batangura kwiyamiriza reta.

Abdirahman Mahdi yahoze ari umukuru wa Ogaden National Liberation Front (ONLF), ni umukuru w'uruhande rw'uwo murwi ruherutse gutangaza ko rwinjiye mu runani rufise intumbero yo gusenyura reta.

Afar National Unity Revolutionary Front

Afar National Unity Revolutionary Front izwi kandi kw'izina rya "Agugumo." Agugumo ni ijambo risubanura "impinduka ikomeye" mu rurimi rw'iki-Afar.

Uwo murwi uvuga ko uri mu rugamba rwa poritike na gisirikare rmu ntumbero yo gukingira uburenganzira bwa poritike, ubutunzi n'imico y'Aba-Afar.

Uno muhari uvuga ko uzorwanira gutsimbataza uburenganzira bw'Aba-Afar bwo kwifatira ingingo ku bibazo biberekeye, uburenganzira bwo gukoresha ubutunzi kamere bw'iyo ntara, hamwe n'uburenganzira bwo kugira ababahagararira muri poritike.

Riranazwi nk'umurwi utavuga rumwe na reta mu vya poritike yo mu ntara ya Afar.

Benishangul People's Liberation Movement na Gumuz People's Democratic Movement

Benishangul People's Liberation Movement ni umurwi w'inyeshamba ukorera mu ntara ya Benishangul-Gumuz, ukaba ugizwe ahanini n'abo mu bwoko bwa Berta.

Uwo muhari uvuga ko urwanira ko uburenganzira bw'abasangwabutaka bo muri iyo ntara bwubahirizwa, hamwe n'uburenganzira bwabo bwo kwifatira ingingo ku bibazo biberekeye.

Iyi ntara imaze imyaka myinshi irangwamwo intambara zitandukanye hamwe n'amatati ya poritike kuva ubutegetsi bwa Derg busenyuwe.

Uwo muhari wagiranye amasezerano y'amahoro na reta yo muri ako karere hamwe na reta nkuru y'igihugu inyuma y'uko umushikiranganji wa mbere Abiy ashitse ku butegetsi.

Ariko uno muhari wagirizwa ubwicanyi no kugaba ibitero incuro nyinshi muri iyo ntara. Ubu wifatanije n'iyindi mihari y'inyeshamba yashinze urunani mu ntumbero yo gutembagaza reta ihari.

Gumuz People's Democratic Movement (GUDM), ukorera muri iyo ntara nyene, ni umwe mu mihari y'inyeshamba yashinze iryo huriro.

Ivyo bisigura ko imirwi ibiri ku ndwi bivugwa ko igize iryo huriro ikomoka mu ntara imwe ya Benishangul.